晋中盆地典型耕地厚度、土壤养分空间变异

旨在探究旱作区耕地土壤耕层厚度及土壤养分空间格局与变异规律。以晋中盆地典型耕地土壤为研究对象,运用地统计学方法对耕地耕层厚度及土壤养分的空间变异进行分析,土壤养分选取有机质、pH、有效磷、缓效钾4个指标。结果表明:(1)各个指标的空间自相关性都是随着距离的增加而减小;(2)有效磷的半变异函数最优模型为高斯模型,其他指标的最优模型均为指数模型。各指标的块金系数由大到小依次为:有机质>有效磷>pH>耕层厚度>缓效钾;(3)耕层厚度、有效磷均为西北高东南低的空间格局,缓效钾为东北高西南低,有机质为西南高东北低,pH除北洸乡偏低外均偏高。地统计方法能良好地描述土壤性质的空间分布和变异特征,各土壤性质的空间变异过程中随机性与结构性并存,并且随机性均小于50%。     

坝上地区不同类型土地退耕还草经济效益分析--以河北省张北试区叶家村为例

在对河北坝上高原不同类型农田经济优势作物及经济优势畜种分析基础上,比较不同类型农田退耕前后的经济效果,阐明在旱砂地上可实现农民的自动退耕行为。而旱滩地上的退耕种草是无经济学意义的。坝上地区发展经济高效性的作物及畜种是促进农民自动退耕并防止复垦的最佳选择。     

Yield and quality components of silage maize in killed and live cover crop sods

In sloping areas with high precipitation, planting maize into live winter cover crop sods may help to alleviate the environmental problems associated with clean-tillage production systems of maize. The present study evaluates the performance of silage maize (Zea mays L.) under several cultivation methods: CC (conventional cropping system, i.e., maize was sown into the bare, autumn-ploughed soil); LGS/CK (maize was planted into a living Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) sod which was subsequently herbicidally killed); and LGS/MR (similar to LGS/CK, but the ryegrass was mechanically regulated). The research was conducted in the midlands of Switzerland on a fertile sandy loam under humid conditions during three cropping seasons. With 110 kg N ha⁻¹ (fertilizer nitrogen plus mineral nitrogen of the soil at maize planting), the CC system was much more productive than were the LGS/CK and LGS/MR systems in terms of dry matter and nitrogen yields of maize. Increasing the nitrogen supply to 250 kg N ha⁻¹ considerably reduced the yield advantage of CC over the LGS/CK and LGS/MR systems, indicating that nitrogen was the most limiting factor for maize yield in the mulch seeding systems. With 250 kg N ha⁻¹, the LGS/CK and LGS/MR systems produced greater total yields of digestible organic matter (maize plus ryegrass) than did the CC system, whereas the total nitrogen yield was similar for all cropping systems. The whole-shoot concentrations of nitrogen were highest under CC, irrespective of the level of nitrogen supply. With 110 kg N ha⁻¹, concentrations of phosphorus and magnesium were clearly higher for the mulch seeding systems. There were only minor differences among the cropping methods in the concentrations of potassium and calcium in the whole shoot. When 250 kg N ha⁻¹ were applied, there were no significant variations among the cropping systems in the concentrations of minerals. Changes in the botanical composition of the cover crop sod and in the time and method of cover crop control may help to reduce the competition for nitrogen between maize and the living mulch.     

Application of soft sensor in the on line measurement of theiron ore’s surface temperature

It is difficult to measure the surface temperature of iron ore directly. A method is put forward to handle this problem by using soft sensing technique. This on line measurement method is used to replace the Lagrange interpolation off line method to estimate surface temperature. The method used L M optimum algorithm to build up ANN soft sensor model combined with off line learning neural network to establish the correlation between input variables and target variables, to achieve the surface temperature on line detection. The results of simulation and experimentation indicate that the method is reasonable and feasible.     

Performance Analysis of MIPv4 Regional Registration Combined with Low Latency Handoffs

The mechanism of MIPv4 regional registration and the low latency handoff protocols are introduced. Ways and procedure of pre-registration handoff and post-registration handoff are discussed also. The authors analyze the performance of the low latency handoff protocols combined with low latency handoffs over a wireless access based on IEEE 802. 11 standard in a tree-like network topology. The performance of pre-registration and post-registration scheme is given by simulation.     

渭北旱塬深层土壤水分特征对水分生产效率的影响

采用田间试验和观测方法研究了渭北旱塬东部旱作区的农田土壤水分特征和水分生产效率,结果表明,该区在麦田夏闲蓄水期(7—9月)降水量在212.7mm以下时,1～1.2m深处存在一相对干土层,使小麦生育后期对深层土壤水分利用产生一定影响,并使旱地农田水分生效率降低。研究还看出,旱地农田水分生产效率具有明显地随播前土壤储水量增加而提高的趋势,说明渭北旱塬使东部的土壤水库在旱农条件下作物供水调节中的不可代替作用。     

Design of Double Layer Torsional Reticulated Shell Using Back- Propagation Neural Network

In this paper artificial neural networks are used for design of large span double layer torsional reticulated shell. The torsional reticulated shells with spans varying between 50.0 - 80.0m are considered, Back -propagation algorithm is employed for training efficient neural networks for evaluation of the maximum deflection, weight and design of double layer torsional reticulated shell. A special method is developed for data ordering to reduce the nonlinearity of data and to increase the speed of training. This approach also provides the necessary stability. It shows that it is feasible to design double layer reticulated shell with artificial neural networks.     

Breeding crops for reduced-tillage management in the intensive, rice–wheat systems of South Asia

The importance of reduced tillage in sustainable agriculture is well recognized. Reduced-tillage practices (which may or may not involve retention of crop residues) and their effects differ from those of conventional tillage in several ways: soil physical properties; shifts in host–weed competition; soil moisture availability (especially when sowing deeply or under stubble); and the emergence of pathogen populations that survive on crop residues. There may be a need for genotypes suited to special forms of mechanization (e.g. direct seeding into residues) and to agronomic conditions such as allelopathy, as well as specific issues relating to problem soils. This article examines issues and breeding targets for researchers who seek to improve crops for reduced-tillage systems. Most of the examples used pertain to wheat, but we also refer to other crops. Our primary claim is that new breeding initiatives are needed to introgress favourable traits into wheat and other crops in areas where reduced or zero-tillage is being adopted. Key traits include faster emergence, faster decomposition, and the ability to germinate when deep seeded (so that crops compete with weeds and use available moisture more efficiently). Enhancement of resistance to new pathogens and insect pests surviving on crop residues must also be given attention. In addition to focusing on new traits, breeders need to assess germplasm and breeding populations under reduced tillage. Farmer participatory approaches can also enhance the effectiveness of cultivar development and selection in environments where farmers’ links with technology providers are weak. Finally, modern breeding tools may also play a substantial role in future efforts to develop adapted crop genotypes for reduced tillage.     

凤城地区保护性耕作应用经验探讨

为提高凤城地区玉米生产的可持续性,根据当地的农业基本情况,探讨在该地区实行保护性耕作技术的重要意义,总结该地区实施该技术的具体情况、采取的主要措施和取得的生态、社会、经济效益。     

蛋鸡饲料中添加植酸酶对蛋鸡生产性能的影响

摘要： 选择40周龄健康的海兰褐壳蛋鸡1200只,随机分为3组,设1个对照组和2个试验组。2个试验组饲喂在对照组基础上分别添加300、600U/kg植酸酶的日粮,其营养标准相对对照组分别降低了0.1%、0.2%的有效磷,研究产蛋鸡饲料中添加植酸酶来替代部分磷酸氢钙对产蛋鸡生产性能、蛋壳厚度、鸡蛋品质和饲料成本的影响。试验结果表明：产蛋鸡饲料中添加300U/kg植酸酶替代0.1%有效磷与对照组相比,产蛋率提高了1.8%,蛋重、蛋壳厚度、鸡蛋品质(哈氏单位) 、采食量统计上差异不显著（P>0.05）;添加600U/kg植酸酶替代0.2%有效磷与对照组相比,产蛋率提高了1.7%,但蛋壳厚度降低了2.8%,蛋重、采食量、鸡蛋品质(哈氏单位)统计上差异不显著（P>0.05）。