确定含水层参数的混沌序列优化算

以泰斯公式为例，将混沌序列优化算法应用于求解分析抽水试验资料，确定含水层参数的函数优化问题．就混沌序列长度、粗搜索次数和待估导水系数初值取值范围等因素对算法收敛性的影响，进行了数值实验．结果表明：1）混沌序列优化算法可以有效地应用于求解含水层参数计算问题；2）粗搜索次数的多少和序列长度的大小对算法收敛性的影响不明显；3）待估导水系数的初始取值范围对算法的收敛速度有一定的影响，但不会影响最终计算结果．与其它方法相比较，混沌序列优化算法具有原理简单、易于编程和运算、计算结果精度不受人为因素影响和应用范围较宽等优点．     

直线-共轭内啮合齿轮泵的设计方法

以直线-共轭内啮合齿轮副为研究对象,对直线-共轭内啮合齿轮副的啮合特性进行了系统研究,得到了直线-共轭内啮合齿轮泵转子的较完整的设计方法.介绍了这种泵的工作原理,并综合齿轮及齿轮泵的设计计算方法,分析了直线-共轭内啮合齿形的基本参数和计算公式,给出了基本参数的选取和计算方法,推导了流量计算方程;利用平面啮合定理(Willis定理)和齿廓设计基本方法,分别得到了内、外齿轮的齿廓曲线方程.通过实例,求得其基本参数及齿廓曲线方程,并绘制出直线-共轭齿轮泵转子的图形,验证了基本参数和计算公式的合理性及齿廓曲线方程的正确性.     

不同采样密度的土壤水分特征参数预测

利用不同取样精度的土壤,将土壤质地(砂土、淤泥、粘土含量)和容重作为输入值,探讨了使用基于土壤转换函数的BP神经网络模型来预测0~20 cm表层土壤水分特征曲线参数,用甘肃省称钩河流域小流域的土样进行预测并进行了误差分析。结果表明,使用线性回归能够减小预测误差与实测值差距;使用BP神经网络来预测饱和体积含水量,其准确性比使用BP神经网络预测剩余体积含水量和田间持水量要高。为了进一步提高预测精度,还应尽可能地包括土壤结构、有机质含量等信息。     

宽幅变量喷雾机智能控制系统设计

自走式宽幅喷雾机现场作业时,经常由于机组速度的变化导致喷施差异,影响了喷雾效果,甚至造成药害.为此,开发了基于嵌入式处理器和多传感器高效融合的变量喷雾控制系统,实现了喷洒压力和机组行走速度的在线协调控制.系统采用PID参数模糊自整定控制器,可自动根据作业速度调整喷雾压力和喷雾量,提高了单位面积施药量的均匀程度.通过对自主开发的变量喷雾样机进行实验表明,该模糊PID 控制器响应快速、适应性强,能迅速消除系统余差,使变量喷雾控制系统具有良好的动态和稳态特性.     

基于LS-DYNA的45号钢铣削SPH算法仿真分析

基于LS-DYNA软件的SPH算法对45号钢的铣削过程进行仿真分析,得出45号钢在切削过程中的变形及切屑的形成过程,控制切削速度、进给速度、切削深度等参数,以求得切削参数对切削力的影响.     

生物炭对不同坡度坡耕地土壤水动力学参数的影响

在3种地形坡度条件下,开展了施加生物炭后连续两年的土壤水动力学效应试验研究,探究不同坡度坡耕地施加生物炭当年和次年对土壤水分常数、土壤水分特征曲线、比水容量、非饱和导水率K(h)和非饱和扩散率D(θ)的影响。结果表明:施用生物炭当年和次年均使土壤田间持水率和饱和含水率增大,且随坡度增加其增率变大,生物炭因子两年内对土壤水分常数的影响显著(P <0. 015),而坡度因子影响不显著(P> 0. 05),即生物炭因子作用更明显;施用生物炭两年内,在各个土壤吸力条件下土壤含水率均增大,土壤持水性增强,且同地形坡度呈正相关关系、同年限呈负相关关系;生物炭在两年内均增大土壤比水容量,使其供水能力加强,最大增量1. 830 207×10^-3cm^3/cm^4;地形坡度对K(h)无明显影响,但施加生物炭可使K(h)增大,土壤导水性增强,2016、2017年K(h)最高分别增加239. 61%、164. 04%;施加生物炭可降低D(θ),抑制土壤水分的水平运动,随地形坡度增加抑制效果增强。生物炭施用当年对各土壤水动力学参数的影响大于施用次年。研究结果可为东北黑土区坡耕地农业水土保护和利用提供理论依据。     

基于无人机成像高光谱影像的冬小麦LAI估测

利用无人机Cubert UHD185 Firefly成像光谱仪和ASD光谱仪获取了冬小麦挑旗期、开花期和灌浆期的成像和非成像高光谱以及LAI数据。首先,对比ASD与UHD185光谱仪数据光谱反射率,评价两者精度;然后,选取7个光谱参数,分析其与冬小麦3个生育期LAI的相关性,并使用线性回归和指数回归挑选出最佳估测参数;最后利用多元线性回归、偏最小二乘、随机森林、人工神经网络和支持向量机构建了冬小麦3个不同生育期LAI的估测模型。结果表明:UHD185光谱仪光谱反射率在红边区域与ASD光谱仪趋势一致性很高,反射率在挑旗期、开花期、灌浆期的R^2分别为0.9959、0.9990和0.9968,UHD185光谱仪数据精度较高;7种光谱参数在挑旗期、开花期、灌浆期与LAI相关性最高的参数分别是NDVI(r=0.738)、SR(r=0.819)、NDVI×SR(r=0.835);LAI-MLR为冬小麦LAI的最佳估测模型,其中开花期拟合性最好,精度最高(建模R^2=0.6788、RMSE为0.69、NRMSE为19.79%,验证R^2=0.8462、RMSE为0.47、NRMSE为16.04%)。     

生物炭对黑土区土壤水分扩散与溶质弥散持续效应研究

为探究施用生物炭对黑土区坡耕地土壤水分扩散和溶质弥散的持续效应,于2016—2019年在1.5°、3°、5°的径流小区开展了生物炭持续效应试验,分析了单次施加生物炭对土壤容重、孔隙度、有机质含量、Boltzmann变换参数ξ、非饱和土壤水分扩散率D(θ)、非饱和土壤水动力弥散系数Dsh(θ)的持续作用。结果表明：土壤中单次添加生物炭后的4年内均可显著降低土壤容重、提高土壤孔隙度、增加土壤中有机质含量,且各指标变化率均随坡度增大、施炭年限延长而减小;坡度、年份、是否施用生物炭3个因素中,对土壤容重、孔隙度、有机质含量影响程度最大的均为是否施用生物炭;施用生物炭增大了ξ,且ξ随坡度增加、施炭后年限延长逐年减小。2016—2019年D(θ)与Dsh(θ)均随土壤含水率的增加而迅速增加。当土壤含水率小于等于042cm3/cm3时,生物炭抑制土壤水分扩散;当土壤含水率大于0.42cm3/cm3时,生物炭促进土壤水分扩散。当土壤含水率小于等于0.36cm3/cm3时,生物炭抑制土壤中NaCl溶液的弥散;当土壤含水率大于0.36cm3/cm3时,生物炭可以促进土壤中NaCl溶液的弥散。试验区θ处于0.20~0.35cm3/cm3,故施用生物炭对水分扩散、NaCl溶液弥散均具有抑制效果,且生物炭对水分扩散和溶液弥散抑制效果均随坡度增加、施炭后年限延长而减弱。     

Effects of fruit bagging on coloring and related physiology,and qualities of red Chinese sand pears during fruit maturation

Red Chinese sand pears (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) are particular to China. In order to determine the effects of fruit bagging treatments (including bag types, bag removal patterns and dates) on fruit qualities and to understand the mechanism of coloring of red Chinese sand pears, two experiments were carried out. In the first experiment, fruit of ‘Meirensu’ were firstly covered by light-impermeable paper bags with different levels of light permeable liners during their early development stage, then, the whole bag were/not removed or only the outer layer of bags were removed 3, 2 or 1 weeks before harvest. Thus, the fruit were/not totally re-exposed or were under different levels of sunlight transmission (80.31% or 34.71%). Non-bagged fruit were used as the control. Bagging treatments significantly affected the concentration of anthocyanin and the visual qualities of pear fruit. Compared to control, fruit re-exposed totally for 2 or 3 weeks accumulated the largest amount of anthocyanin and fruit receiving 80.31% and 34.71% of sunlight for 1–3 weeks could synthesize a little anthocyanin, indicating that high light intensity is imperative for coloring in red Chinese sand pears. Bagging treatments did not affect contents of total soluble sugars, but decreased organic acids contents in fruit. In the second experiment, fruit of ‘Meirensu’ and ‘Yunhongli No. 1’ were covered with only one type of light-impermeable bag during the early development stage and totally re-exposed after the bag removal 15 days before harvest. Fruit were then collected at different intervals to trace the time-course of coloring, and related physiology and inner qualities. With increasing time after the bag removal, the concentration of chlorophyll, carotenoid, flavonoid and total phenols changed little, but the concentration of anthocyanin accumulated extremely fast within 10 days after the bag removal in both cultivars and thereafter kept constant. ‘Yunhongli No. 1’ had higher anthocyanin contents and lower hue angle than ‘Meirensu’, indicating a higher potential of anthocyanin synthesis. After the bag removal, the sucrose contents and PAL activities increased gradually and correlation analysis revealed that they were highly correlated with anthocyanin accumulation in two cultivars. This study suggests that anthocyanin biosynthesis in red Chinese sand pears is a highly light dependent process and modified by genotypes. Based on the current results, in order to obtain red Chinese sand pear fruit with attractive appearance and good inner qualities, fruit must be covered with light-impermeable bags at the early stage of fruit development and the bag should be removed totally at least 10 days before harvest.     

喷杆式喷雾机喷雾参数优化

在农业生产系统中,喷雾是一个复杂的物理过程,影响喷雾质量的因素错综复杂,难以给出一个适合各种情况的综合喷量.喷雾参数的优化旨在从众多的喷雾参数中分析找出影响喷雾质量的主要因素,并提出相对合理的取值范围,从而为农药的合理使用在技术上提供参考依据.