Greenhouse and field evaluations of commonly occurring weed species for their host suitability to Meloidogyne species

Since weeds serve as hosts for nematode pests, the host status of 20 weed species (commonly occurring in fields of developing farmers) to Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica, respectively, were investigated. Greenhouse studies showed that seven weed species had Rf values >1 for both nematode species indicating susceptibility, while 13 had Rf values ≤ 1 indicating resistance. Greenhouse results showed that Hibiscus trionum and Amaranthus tricolor were identified as the most susceptible and Chenopodium carinatum and Datura ferox the poorest hosts for M. incognita and M. javanica. For field experiments at Kuruman, Solanum retroflexum was the most susceptible weed to a M. javanica population, while the same was evident for H. trionum at Nelspruit, where a mixed population of M. incognita and M. javanica occurred and at Potchefstroom, where a population of M. incognita was present. Results from this study indicated that certain weed species are highly susceptible to root-knot nematodes and should be removed timely and effectively to prevent population level increases of root-knot nematode pests in the fields of farmers.     

Foraging by burrowing parrots has little impact on agricultural crops in northeastern Patagonia,Argentina

Conflicts between wildlife and agriculture have increased as cultivation has expanded into previously unexploited areas. As frequent consumers of such crops, parrots (Psittaciformes) are often persecuted, despite the lack of measured economic impacts they may cause. This situation has compromised attempts to manage potential damage and endangered parrot populations. Here, we evaluate and measure actual crop damage and characterize the foraging areas used by the burrowing parrot (Cyanoliseus patagonus) in northeastern Patagonia, Argentina. We found that damage to field crops was economically insignificant, affecting 0.1%–0.4% of the sunflower harvest, with no damage detected in other more important crops in the region. The parrots mainly consumed grain left or spilled after harvesting, and unharvested grain from cultivated pastures and road margins. This grain represents a loss attributable to harvest machines, being independent from the presence of parrots. Given the negligible damage measured here, we conclude that there is no need for management of parrots as crop pests in northeastern Patagonia. Our study provides further support to the view that parrot damage has been often exaggerated and overstated.     

The Importance of Ecological Studies to Pest Control in Malaysian Plantations

Abstract

Ecology is the study of the relationships of communities of living organisms with their environments and each other, in particular the factors affecting their numbers. Pest control is, essentially, modification by man of these numbers in an agricultural environment, and it is argued that investigations of and a general awareness concerning ecological factors are essential prerequisites for proper effectiveness. Examples from Malaysian plantations are given of major outbreaks and great expense arising from failure to observe these principles and, on the other hand, of ecological studies forming the basis of successful and cheap control procedures. Plantations exhibit a high degree of biological stability, especially in the continually warm and humid climate of Malaysia, so that many pests are of only potential severity, breaking out spasmodically, but conditions are also ideal for the existence of pests for their rapid increase if this stability is upset. Malaysia is predominantly agricultural and much dependent on efficient plantation production. Pests menace efficiency, but the insurance of continually increasing ecological knowledge will keep to a minimum both the economic impact of pests and the considerable risk of severely aggravating pest problems by unsuitable control measures. Some consideration is given to relating pest control practice in Malaysian plantations with modern thinking on environmental problems.     

高压线电磁场强度对大孔径闪烁仪观测的影响

大孔径闪烁仪(Large Aperture Scintillometer, LAS)是测量水平距离上250~4 500 m 地表能量平衡和水热通量的仪器。在其红外波传输的过程中会受到环境因素以及下垫面属性的影响。鉴于外界条件的复杂性, 还会受到树木的阻挡以及高压线电磁场辐射等因素的影响。本文通过分析2009 年8 月~2010 年3 月在中国科学院栾城农业生态系统试验站开展LAS 观测过程中的影响因素, 研究了高压输电线电磁场对LAS 观测的影响。结果表明, 当LAS 红外光路径距高压线过近时对测定的感热通量H_LAS 影响较大, 导致计算结果与实际不符。通过计算提出了避免高压输电线电磁场干扰LAS 观测信号的安全安装距离应是保证高压输电线电磁场强度小于4.05 μT 的距离。结果可为开展同类观测试验提供参考。     

脉冲电场处理对鸡蛋蛋白液特性的影响

采用高压脉冲电场处理鸡蛋蛋白液,研究了不同场强处理对蛋白液功能性质的影响.结果显示,蛋液pH值和电导率与场强的变化成正比,随场强的增加都有增大的趋势,且均表现为不同处理强度间变化不大;变性温度受影响较小,几种处理的变性温度基本相同;而蛋液黏度、凝胶弹性与场强的关系不明显,受影响较小.     

进水结构对圆形循环水养殖池流场的影响

为精准设计工厂化圆形循环水养殖池的进水结构,基于计算流体动力学技术,采用Fluent软件建立数值模型模拟进水管在不同进水角度θ、进径比d/r、进水高度h工况下养殖池内的流场分布特性,并以平均速度v_avg和均匀系数U为评价指标,对进水结构进行优化分析,在物理试验证明该数值模型能较好地模拟养殖池内的流场特征的基础上,模拟了不同进水结构对流场分布的影响。结果显示：在相同条件下,进水角度θ在40°时v_avg取得最大值,水层之间的U差异较小;进径比d/r在0.1时v_avg和U取得较大值,水层之间的U差异较小;进水高度h在100~400 mm时v_avg取得较大值,且在h=100 mm时水层之间的U差异最小。研究表明,当进水角度θ=40°、进径比d/r=0.1、进水高度h=100 mm时,养殖池内流场特性处于较优状态。     

利用GIS进行耕地质量评等定级方法的探讨

在对耕地的质量传统评估方法分析的基础上,按照耕地质量评估的基本原则,提出了利用GIS技术进行耕地质量的评等定级的思想,重点阐述了基于域和基于对象两种耕地质量评等定级的方法,评等定级的基础工作是建立各参评项目的地理数据库;叠加分析则是评等定级的关键工作;最后提出了以耕地质量评等定级成果为基础建立耕地信息管理系统的设想。     

拉萨18个引进燕麦品种主要农艺性状和营养成分的遗传多样性分析

为了解在拉萨地区引种的18个燕麦(Avena satica)品种的遗传多样性,对18个农艺性状指标进行了多样性指数分析、聚类分析和主成分分析。结果表明:18个性状的遗传多样性指数范围在1.458~2.054,平均为1.87,遗传多样性丰富,同一性状间差异化大,各性状变异系数大,其中较高的是干草产量(52.354%)、旗叶长(51.946%)。聚类分析将18个燕麦品种分为4类,类群Ⅰ包括11个品种,属于高秆类群。类群Ⅱ包括1个品种,属于高干草产量类群。类型Ⅲ包括2个品种,属高营养、多籽粒型类群。类群Ⅳ包括4个品种,此类群在各个指标中均有较好的表现,是适宜在拉萨地区种植的燕麦品种。主成分分析共提取5个主成分,累计方差贡献率为79.592%,第一因子反映叶产量和种子产量,第二因子反映酸性洗涤纤维和中性洗涤纤维,第三因子反映粗灰分,第四因子反映茎叶比和粗蛋白。第五因子反映株高。通过构建5个主成分为参数的综合评价模型,计算综合得分,可以筛选出贝勒Ⅱ、牧王、海威为适宜在拉萨地区种植的燕麦品种。