宁夏农村面源污染现状调查分析结果初报

通过调查监测,宁夏农村面源污染的主要来源集中体现在化肥污染、农药污染、畜禽粪便污染、农膜污染及农村生活污染5个方面,但其影响和污染主要表现在对水环境和土壤环境的污染上。其中,对水环境的污染形式则是通过地表径流和地下淋溶把过剩的氮、磷、有机农药、无机盐等带到地表水和地下水中,致使地表水富营养化,破环水生态环境,鱼虾难以生存。对土壤环境的污染形式是通过农业投入品超量施入,在改变土壤物理性状、破环土壤通透性、造成土壤板结、粘结的同时,造成重金属离子和病原菌的积累,给农产品质量安全带来危害。     

广东沿海近江牡蛎体砷含量水平、地理分布特点和变化趋势

１９８９～１９９５年广东沿海近江牡蛎体砷的测定数据和有关历史资料表明,所有牡蛎样品的砷含量在（０．３１～２．５１）×１０－６之间,总平均值为１．３０×１０－６,均低于海洋生物污染评价标准值,属正常本底水平。牡蛎体砷含量的地理分布呈粤东和粤西西部高、珠江口和粤西东部低的格局。１９８１～１９９１年,牡蛎体砷的平均含量呈下降趋势,１９９１年以后,牡蛎体砷的平均含量虽有波动,但年际间没有明显差异。     

剑麻对重金属铅的吸收特性与累积规律初探

以热带地区一种生物量极大的经济作物剑麻(AgaveSisalanaPerrineexEngelm)作为研究对象,采用网室砂培,对Pb在该植物体内的吸收特性、累积分布及迁移规律进行了初步的探索。试验表明,Pb处理浓度低于1300mg·kg-1时对剑麻生长影响较小,但Pb加入浓度达到15900mg·kg-1时,显著抑制了剑麻的生长,其生物量仅为对照的6.7%。剑麻对Pb有很强的吸收性,并分布在其植株的各个部位,其中根系的吸收性最强,是地上部的3.0～13.6倍。Pb处理浓度为12700mg·kg-1时,剑麻地上部和根系的吸收量最大,分别为2220.3和22544.8mg·kg-1,是对照的65.6和221.3倍,且地上部迁移量高达55.87mg·株-1,说明剑麻对修复Pb污染土壤有一定的潜力,因而为今后探明植物积累Pb的机理和Pb污染土壤的植物修复提供了一种新的种质资源。     

城市垃圾填埋场重金属污染特征及其评价

采用全面踏查和典型调查相结合的方法,对福建省南平市城市垃圾填埋场重金属Mn、Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr、N i的污染状况进行调查.结果表明:填埋2 a的垃圾填埋场重金属含量较低,填埋10 a的垃圾填埋场的重金属含量较高;垃圾渗滤液不同浸蚀时间土壤的重金属污染状况存在明显差异,浸蚀10 a土壤中重金属含量是浸蚀2 a土壤的3.24-8.34倍,而浸蚀10a土壤重金属含量则是对照的4.1-9.83倍;垃圾填埋场渗滤液的重金属污染也比较严重,其中Zn、Pb、Cd、Cr含量超过国家地面水环境质量标准(V类标准),Zn、Cd含量超过国家污水综合排放标准.     

河北省扇贝养殖区河口区域石油类污染分析

在河北省扇贝养殖区7条主要人海河流河口区域设立监测站位,于2007年5月枯水期和8月丰水期对水样和沉积物样品中石油类含量进行监测.河口水样平均石油类含量丰水期为0.94 mg/L,超标18.8倍;枯水期为0.51 mg/L,超标10.2倍;丰水期明显高于枯水期.河口沉积物中石油类含量丰水期为473μg/g,为标准值的0.95倍;枯水期为777μg/g,为标准值的1.55倍;部分河口沉积物中石油类含量超标严重.河口区域水体石油类污染的主要原因是大陆径流.     

Recent changes in the trophic structure of the Black Sea

During the past few decades, the Black Sea has been subjected to various human impacts that have led to changes in the ecology of this inland sea. River runoff has introduced high levels of certain heavy metals and other toxic substances as well as detergents. Ship traffic has led to the introduction of new species, and fishing pressures have also altered the ecology of the area.
This paper reviews major ecological changes over the past 40 years. An increase in nutrients has caused eutrophication, with outbursts of phytoplankton blooms and changes in the species composition of these algae. Small-sized zooplankton species and gelatinous zooplankton have become more common, while many of the herbivorous copepods have decreased in abundance or have disappeared. The introduction of the predatory ctenophore Mnemiopsis leidyi in the 1980s has had significant impact on the plankton community and has led to a sharp decline in anchovy stocks. Decreased water transparency has led to a loss of macrophytic algae, except in shallow waters, and to a subsequent decline in the zoobenthos associated with this flora. Eutrophication has also led to decreased oxygen concentrations in the near-bottom water due to large amounts of decomposing phytoplankton, and regions of hypoxia and anoxia now appear on the shelf, with consequent reduction in benthic populations of invertebrates and demersal fish. The numbers of fish species harvested commercially have fallen from 26 to 5, but the total catch has increased, owing to increases in abundance of small fish (e.g., sprat) and horse mackerel, and to increased fishing effort.     

福建省农业土壤污染现状与治理对策

综述福建农业土壤污染现状,以及农业土壤污染修复的研究情况,从农业土壤污染防治立法与实施方面提出福建省农业土壤污染防治对策。     

岩溶山区磷石膏堆场重金属迁移对耕地质量的影响及污染风险管控

[目的]探讨磷石膏堆场周边耕地土壤重金属含量的变化、成因及污染风险,为磷化工产业可持续发展及水土环境重金属污染的治理提供科学依据。[方法]通过对贵州省中部磷石膏堆场进行实地调查与采样开展分析和研究。[结果]磷石膏堆场排水、侵蚀冲沟水及洼地积水中Cd,Hg,As的含量都超过农田灌溉水质一类标准(水作)水质限值,特别是Cd。在磷石膏堆场周边50～300 m范围内,玉米地、蔬菜地、水稻土中Cd的含量分别超过农用地土壤污染风险筛选值的4.87～9.43倍、8.83～19.13倍和3.83～13.42倍,堆场周边旱作土主要是Cd,As,Zn的污染风险,而水稻土则主要是Cd,As,Hg,Zn的污染风险;大部分蔬菜地土壤和水稻土中Cd的含量超过农用地土壤污染风险管控值。[结论]天然降雨对露天磷石膏堆场产生的侵蚀及淋溶作用是重金属迁移的主要原因,在地表水流方向上耕地重金属污染风险随着堆场距离的增加而逐步减小。兴修排灌设施及调整种植结构是减少磷石膏堆场周边耕地重金属污染的有效途径。     

Consumption of shark products: The interface of sustainability,trade (mis)labelling,human health and human rights

Sharks and rays evolved 450 million years ago, during the Late Ordovician Period. However, during the modern Anthropocene, shark populations have declined at considerable rates, and recent global assessments indicate about one in three species is threatened with extinction. A notable reason for this elevated extinction risk is overfishing linked to increased demand for shark fins and other products. Here, we review multiple dimensions of consuming shark products, ranging from stock sustainability, product (mis)labelling and trade, the human health implications of consuming shark products, and illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing and slavery and labour abuses in the fishing industry. We conclude that traceability and increased transparency in seafood supply chains is essential to overcome obstacles to consumption of sustainable, ethical and healthy shark products. We also provide a decision tree outlining steps in consumer choice that would foster such consumption. Our aim is to provide a holistic view on issues concerning the consumption of shark products that will help policymakers, the public, management and law enforcement agencies to advocate for ecologically- and ethically sustainable consumption of shark products and thereby empower the general public to make informed decisions on which shark products they consume.     

2013年威海南部近岸海域表层海水重金属分布特征及污染评价

于2013年春季、夏季及秋季对威海南部近岸海域表层海水重金属进行调查,分析了重金属含量分布特征并利用重金属综合污染指数(WQI)进行污染评价。采用多元线性回归方法分析了重金属含量与表层海水盐度、pH及化学需要量之间的相关性。结果表明,威海南部近岸海域表层海水水质良好,符合二类海水水质标准,受外源输入的影响较大;综合污染指数均远低于1,呈现从海岸线向外海逐渐降低的趋势;重金属元素含量与环境要素测值(pH、盐度及COD)之间相关性顺序为:As>Hg>Cu>Cd>Pb>Zn。