Effects of drought on weed emergence and growth vary with the seed burial depth and presence of a cover crop

In conservation agriculture, weed seed germination could decrease with the presence of a cover crop, surface weed seed location and temporal drought in summer just after seed shedding. This study simultaneously examined the effects of a cover crop, burial depth (seed location) and hydric stress on weed emergence and early growth. It was hypothesized that drought would reduce weed emergence and the initial growth of weed seeds and that this effect would be greater when the seeds were on the soil surface and in the presence of a cover crop. Four annual weed species were chosen that are frequently found (Anisantha sterilis, Vulpia myuros, Sonchus asper, Veronica persica) and not frequently found (Alopecurus myosuroides, Poa annua, Cyanus segetum, Capsella bursa‐pastoris) in fields that implement conservation agriculture. The unburied seeds had 26% lower emergence, on average, than the buried seeds (significant for six of the eight species), hydric stress reduced emergence by 20% (for seven of the eight species) and the presence of a cover crop reduced the level of emergence by 17% (for all species). The unburied seeds with hydric stress were emerging under the “most stressful” set of factors, with a 45% decrease in emergence, compared with the seeds emerging under the “least stressful” set of factors (buried seeds without hydric stress). All the weed growth measurements (height, dry matter content and number of leaves) decreased with the presence of a cover crop. The species that are found frequently in the fields that implement conservation agriculture, compared with the species that are not frequently found in conservation agriculture fields, had higher rates of germination and a higher tolerance of hydric stress when their seeds were unburied.     

春小麦高产栽培技术

笔者经过多年的生产实践,研究总结出阿勒泰地区春小麦主要栽培技术、病虫害防治 和收获等技术的要求。     

加氯及毛管冲洗控制再生水滴灌系统灌水器堵塞

再生水滴灌系统中灌水器生物堵塞与其内部堵塞物质-附生生物膜的形成、生长有着密切关系,加氯配合毛管冲洗既可以借助加氯杀菌抑制微生物生长,又可以利用毛管冲洗的剪切力作用而促进毛管内部堵塞物质的脱落而冲出系统外部,有望成为一种控制灌水器内部生物膜形成与堵塞的有效措施。为此,借助周期循环式活性污泥法(cyclic activated sludge system,CASS)工艺污水处理厂现场再生水滴灌系统灌水器堵塞试验,研究毛管冲洗、加氯、加氯配合毛管冲洗3种模式对再生水滴灌系统灌水器堵塞控制效果。研究发现加氯配合毛管冲洗可有效降低灌水器内附生生物膜中微生物的数量,较单独的毛管冲洗、加氯以及未进行任何处理条件下微生物磷脂脂肪酸(phospholipid fatty acids,PLFAs)含量分别降低了52.2%、44.2%、73.2%,微生物分泌的黏性胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substances,EPS)含量也分别降低了约28.0%、22.9%、63.9%,在微生物及其分泌的黏性多聚物的共同作用下,使得灌水器内部堵塞物质总量分别降低了47.4%、43.1%、69.1%,进而使得灌水器相对平均流量和灌水均匀度最高分别提升了40.0%、53.0%,灌水均匀度(coefficient of uniformity,CU)达到了70%以上。同时表明在推迟加氯起始时间后(即灌水器相对平均流量(discharge ratio variation,Dra)降至80%开始加氯),加氯仍可以达到满意的堵塞控制效果。但加氯配合毛管冲洗也会显著增加微生物活性,分别提升了36.5%、29.0%、15.7%,这也使得对灌水器堵塞的恢复效果逐渐降低。     

陕西省极端无雨日数的时空分布特征

利用陕西省78个地面气象站1961—2010年的逐日降水资料,统计了四季最大连续无降水日数,采用正交函数分解、Mann－Kendall趋势检验等方法,分析了各季节极端无降水日数的空间结构和时间演变规律。结果表明：极端无雨日数最多出现在冬季,为16～45 d ,最少是夏季,为8～14 d;冬、春季节的高值中心出现在陕北北部、关中的东部,冬季陕北北部达43 d以上,夏季高值中心出现在关中的东部,为11～13 d;冬、春旱陕北最多,关中次之,陕南较少,夏、秋旱关中最多,陕北次之,陕南较少;在大尺度天气系统控制下,四季极端无降水日数事件的步调基本一致,不同季节的天气系统对陕西各区域的影响具有明显的局地性和阶段性;近50a来夏季和秋季表现为持续增多趋势,冬季和春季有部分站点呈现出反向变化趋势,其中夏季和秋季陕北局部、陕南局部干期日数增多趋势显著。     

滴头堵塞程度分级和评价及堵塞风险预测方法

为了准确监测滴头的堵塞状态，预测滴头堵塞程度的发展变化趋势。该研究基于模糊综合评价法，以相对流量变化量、灌水均匀度变化量为评价指标，用熵权法和三角形隶属度函数计算各评价指标权重和隶属度，建立了滴头堵塞综合评价指标（Evaluation Index，EI），利用灰色GM(1,1)预测模型预测滴头堵塞程度随灌水时间的变化情况。结果表明：滴头堵塞是一个随灌水时间增加而波动渐进的过程，滴头堵塞过程可分为波动平稳阶段和快速发展阶段2个过程，不同滴头的堵塞过程具有一致性规律，不同灌水时间的EI值间具有很好的相关性，可以根据前期试验数据预测滴头后期堵塞程度的变化趋势；提出了基于EI的滴头堵塞程度5级分级标准和方法，建立了基于5次测试灌水数据的滴头堵塞风险灰色GM(1,1)预测方法，可以预测不同滴头未来不同灌水时间后的滴头堵塞状态，对7种滴头堵塞程度的预测结果准确率为85.7%。该方法为滴头抗堵塞能力评价以及滴灌工程抗堵塞预防措施的配置提供了理论依据。     

Mulching Affects Soil Properties and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Under Long‐Term No‐Till and Plough‐Till Systems in Alfisol of Central Ohio

Agricultural activities emit greenhouse gases (GHGs) and contribute to global warming. Intensive plough tillage (PT), use of agricultural chemicals and the burning of crop residues are major farm activities emitting GHGs. Intensive PT also degrades soil properties by reducing soil organic carbon (SOC) pool. In this scenario, adoption of no‐till (NT) systems offers a pragmatic option to improve soil properties and reduce GHG emission. We evaluated the impacts of tillage systems (NT and PT) and wheat residue mulch on soil properties and GHG emission. This experiment was started in 1989 on a Crosby silt loam soil at Waterman Farm, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA. Mulching reduced soil bulk density and improved total soil porosity. More total carbon (16.16 g kg⁻¹), SOC (8.36 mg L⁻¹) and soil microbial biomass carbon (152 µg g⁻¹) were recorded in soil under NT than PT. Mulch application also decreased soil temperature (0–5 cm) and penetration resistance (0–60 cm). Adoption of long‐term NT reduced the GHG emission. Average fluxes of GHGs under NT were 1.84 g CO₂‐C m⁻² day⁻¹ for carbon dioxide, 0.07 mg CH₄‐C m⁻² day⁻¹ for methane and 0.73 mg N₂O‐N m⁻² day⁻¹ for nitrous oxide compared with 2.05 g CO₂‐C m⁻² day⁻¹, 0.74 mg CH₄‐C m⁻² day⁻¹ and 1.41 mg N₂O‐N m⁻² day⁻¹, respectively, for PT. Emission of nitrous oxide was substantially increased by mulch application. In conclusion, long‐term NT reduced the GHG emission by improving the soil properties. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Pollination of urban meadows – Plant reproductive success and urban-related factors influencing frequency of pollinators visits

Pollination is a key ecological service for human food security and the reproduction of the majority of flowering plants. This plant-animal interaction is crucial in both wild and urban habitats, however, increasing urbanization and change in land use alter these interactions. The concerns regarding pollination have led to numerous efforts aimed at improving the quality of wildlife in cities, however, understanding the importance of these activities warrants further research. In Warsaw, the Polish capital, we analyzed the influence of urban-related factors such as floral resource richness, the proportion of green areas in the proximity of foraging sites, air pollution or temperature on plant-pollinator interaction in 14 meadows. We also analyzed the reproductive success and the heterospecific pollen transfer in the case of plants growing in the meadows. Our study revealed that the frequency of visits to flowers was related to city-related factors, but the reaction varied among different groups of pollinators. For example, bumblebees were negatively influenced by higher air pollution, while the rest of the flower visitors were not, Syrphidae flies were more frequent flower visitors when the proportion of green area was higher in the buffer of 150 m, while we did not observe this tendency in other groups of flower visitors. Plants growing in Warsaw meadows were frequently visited and effectively pollinated - urban pollinator assemblages seem to provide sufficient pollination services to plants growing in the city. Species-rich communities were not a threat to pollination; we found mostly conspecific pollen grains on the stigmas of the studied plant species. The results of our study show that species-rich communities make a valuable contribution to pollinator conservation. The conservation activities, however, should be adjusted to the target group of pollinators, since different groups of flower visitors respond differently to urban-related factors studied.     

简化施肥对免耕冬水田不同杂交中稻/再生稻产量的影响

为探明免耕冬水田条件下简化施肥对不同杂交稻品种头季、再生季以及两季产量的影响,以及筛选出两季高产品种应用于生产。2016—2017年,以18个杂交中稻品种为材料,在免耕冬水田施纯氮120 kg/hm²条件下,设置简化施肥（一次基施N）和常规施肥（基肥：蘖肥：穗肥=5:3:2比例平衡施N）2种氮肥管理方式,研究其对中稻-再生稻产量的影响。结果表明,2种氮肥管理方式对头季产量、再生季产量和两季总产的影响均未达到显著水平,简化施肥处理的头季稻产量、再生季产量和两季总产分别为9.46 t/hm²、1.50 t/hm²和10.96 t/hm²,较常规施肥处理的产量分别增加1.40%,-6.77%和0.20%。18个品种间头季产量、再生季产量和两季总产差异均达极显著水平,18个品种头季、再生季和两季总产的产量变幅分别为8.70~10.19 t/hm²,0.59~2.29 t/hm²和10.21~11.57 t/hm²。头季产量和再生季产量呈极显著负相关(r=0.61)。两季总产与头季有效穗、每穗颖花数、结实率、千粒重和再生季有效穗偏相关系数均达极显著水平,并建立回归方程。因此,采用一次基施的简化施肥方式是免耕冬水田水稻实现高产、省工的有效途径,选择穗粒兼顾型品种有利于实现中稻/再生稻两季高产,并筛选出两季高产和高氮肥偏生产力品种‘旌优727’、‘旌3优177’、‘内6优103’和‘内6优107’,可在试验所在生态区中稻-再生稻种植中推广应用。     

从“以名取士”到“莫取有名”:论汉末魏初士人“名声”的浮沉

名声是古代执政者取士的重要依据。东汉后期,士人浮华交结促成了大量名士的产生,其激扬名声的干政之举更使得名声成为影响选官的重要因素,"以名取士"靡然成风。然至曹魏时期,明帝一度下诏"选举莫取有名"。名声的异化、物化是其被弃绝的内在诱因;有识之士的名声批判为其消沉奠定舆论基础;曹操及继任者对名声的厌弃降低了名声的政治影响力;而新生曹魏政权的集权统治才是其时选举"莫取有名"的根本动因。这一转变体现了皇权对士权的强力压制,而士人形成于民间的"名声"改以朝廷评定的"品第"形式存在。这是士权、皇权相博弈的结果。