Effect of no‐tillage vs. conventional tillage on soil organic matter and nitrogen contents

Abstract

Four treatments (no‐tillage plus subsoiling, no‐tillage, conventional tillage plus subsoiling, and conventional tillage) were continuously in place for 6 yr and a second set of no‐tillage plus subsoiling and conventional plus subsoiling treatments were continuously in place for 3 yr to study the long‐term effects of conventional and no‐tillage corn on soil organic matter (OM) and N contents. Soil samples were taken at random between the rows and in the rows to a depth of 60 cm, in 5‐cm increments to a depth of 30 cm, and then in 15‐cm increments from the 30 to 60‐cm depth for OM and N determination. No‐tillage resulted in A3 and 20% more Kjeldahl N than conventional tillage in the 0 to 5‐cm soil depth after 6 and 3 yr, respectively. after 6 yr, the 0 to 5‐cm depth had 36% more OM in no‐tillage treatments than in conventional tillage treatments, and soil from no‐tillage treatments averaged 27% more OM than the conventional tillage plus subsoiling treatment at the 0 to 15‐cm soil depth.     

免耕直播对谷子耗水量、水分利用效率及产量的影响

于2011—2013年在河北省农林科学院旱作农业研究所深州试验站,通过对比免耕直播和常规旋耕播种对黑龙港地区谷子耗水量、产量及水分利用效率的影响,以期为黑龙港地区谷子免耕直播栽培技术提供理论依据。结果表明:(1)与旋耕处理相比,2012年土层5 cm、15 cm和100 cm处,免耕处理土壤贮水量变化量显著降低,2013年在25 cm和35 cm土层,免耕处理土壤贮水量变化量显著降低。(2)与旋耕处理相比,免耕处理下谷子产量显著升高,2012年和2013年分别提高6.12%和9.67%,耗水量分别降低8.57%和0.48%,水分利用效率分别升高16.13%和10.21%。(3)穗长、穗重、穗粒重与产量多元回归分析结果表明,穗长与产量呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01),穗重与产量呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05)。(4)谷子生长期内的平均气温与谷子株高呈显著负相关关系,与千粒重呈极显著正相关关系。日照时数和降水量均与穗长、穗重和穗粒重呈显著正相关关系,而风速与穗长、穗重和穗粒重呈显著负相关关系。综上,在黑龙港地区免耕与旋耕相比,谷子产量可以提高7.90%,耗水量生育期内降低4....     

微灌水质分析与指标判定

水质分析对于微灌系统的设计和运行管理至关重要．但目前国外的微灌水质标准不尽统一。我国还没有较为完善的微灌水质标准．导致在实际工程中微灌水质分析没有得到足够的重视。从微灌水质不满足要求容易引发的堵塞、土壤碱化、土壤渗透性降低、作物敏感性、离子毒性等问题入手．详细分析了各种问题对应的水质分析参数．并结合国内外相关经验,提出了微灌水质分析指标体系。     

Water Movement Characteristics in a Multi-Soil-Layering System

The Multi-Soil-Layering (MSL) system consists of soil units arranged in a brick-like pattern that are surrounded by layers of zeolite or alternating particles with a homogeneous size that allow a high hydraulic loading rate. Characteristics of the changes in the water movement, hydraulic retention time (HRT) and system weight during the wastewater treatment in the MSL system were investigated using a laboratory-scale MSL system (D10 × W50 × H73 cm). As the loading rate increased from 1,000 to 5,500 L m⁻² d⁻¹, wastewater preferentially flowed into the permeable layers in the MSL, which decreased the contact of the wastewater with the soil mixture layers. HRT was inversely related to the loading rate. HRT decreased from 20 to 1 h, as the loading rate increased from 250 to 6,000 L m⁻² d⁻¹. As an indicator of the system condition, the weight variation of the system was determined during the wastewater treatment. When the weight was stable, input and output of wastewater and decomposition of organic matter appeared to be equilibrated. When the weight increased, the system started to clog. Due to clogging, the efficiency of COD and phosphorus removal decreased, while the efficiency of nitrate removal increased.     

无公害辣椒主要病虫害综合治理技术(2.虫害部分)

本文初步总结了辣椒疫病、炭疽病、疮痂病、病毒病、烟青虫、斜纹夜蛾、茶黄螨等主要病虫的危害症状、形态特征和发生危害的特点.研究提出了选用优质抗性品种,搞好种苗消毒,实行合理轮作,加强健身栽培,保护利用天敌,使用生物制剂和高效、低毒、低残留农药等综合防治技术.     

人工快速渗滤系统堵塞现象及成因探讨

对造成人工快速尖滤系统(CRI系统)堵塞的原因进行了详细研究。结果表明:污水中有机悬浮物由于截留和吸附作用而在浅表层渗滤介质中的积累是造成CRI系统堵塞的最主要成因。     

Soil tillage methods to control phosphorus loss and potential side-effects: a Scandinavian review

In Scandinavia high losses of soil and particulate-bound phosphorus (PP) have been shown to occur from tine-cultivated and mouldboard-ploughed soils in clay soil areas, especially in relatively warm, wet winters. The omission in the autumn of primary tillage (not ploughing) and the maintenance of a continuous crop cover are generally used to control soil erosion. In Norway, ploughing and shallow cultivation of sloping fields in spring instead of ploughing in autumn have been shown to reduce particle transport by up to 89% on highly erodible soils. Particle erosion from clay soils can be reduced by 79% by direct drilling in spring compared with autumn ploughing. Field experiments in Scandinavia with ploughless tillage of clay loams and clay soils compared to conventional autumn ploughing usually show reductions in total P losses of 10–80% by both surface and subsurface runoff (lateral movements to drains). However, the effects of not ploughing during the autumn on losses of dissolved reactive P (DRP) are frequently negative, since the DRP losses without ploughing compared to conventional ploughing have increased up to fourfold in field experiments. In addition, a comprehensive Norwegian field experiment at a site with high erosion risk has shown that the proportion of DRP compared to total P was twice as high in runoff water after direct drilling compared to ploughing. Therefore, erosion control measures should be further evaluated for fields with an erosion risk since reduction in PP losses may be low and DRP losses still high. Ploughless tillage systems have potential side-effects, including an increased need for pesticides to control weeds [e.g. Elytrigia repens (L.) Desv. ex Nevski] and plant diseases (e.g. Fusarium spp.) harboured by crop residues on the soil surface. Overall, soil tillage systems should be appraised for their positive and negative environmental effects before they are widely used for all types of soil, management practice, climate and landscape.     

Biological soil properties in a long‐term tillage trial in Germany

After 37 years of different soil‐tillage treatments in a long‐term field experiment in Germany, a number of biological soil characteristics was measured. The field trial comprised six major treatments with different implements and various depths. In this paper, results from a comparison of long‐term use of a plow (to 25 cm depth), a chisel plow (to 15 cm depth), and no‐tillage are presented. The biological soil characteristics measured include the soil‐organic‐carbon (SOC) content, microbial biomass, enzyme activities, and the abundance and biomass of earthworms. Long‐term use of a chisel plow and no‐tillage increased the organic‐C content in the uppermost soil layer (0–10 cm) compared with the plow treatment. The microbial biomass and the enzyme activities arginine‐ammonification, β‐glucosidase, and catalase decreased with depth in all treatments. Arginine‐ammonification and catalase were higher in the plow treatment in soil layers 10 to 30 cm. Additionally, the chisel plow caused an increase in number and biomass of earthworms compared to both other tillage treatments. Differences in earthworm numbers and biomass between plowing and no‐tillage were not statistically significant.     

Backlash control and compensation for internal meshing involute spur gears

To best control the backlash of internal involute spur gears, the errors which influence the clearance in design and manufacture process are analyzed, classified and quantified. On the basis of realizing the formation mechanism and periodic change of errors, considering the feasibility of control and compensation of errors and minimum cost, this paper proposes a control and compensation method of gear backlash, including tooth thickness tolerance compensation based on equivalently modified gear, deformation compatibility design of gear, and the design formulas of minimum meshing center distance on the consideration of various errors. Then, by using the present method, two pairs of gear are taken for experiment by setting the module to 1, number of teeth to 45 and 40 respectively, precision grade to 7 and 6, respectively. The results show that the gear backlash was controlled in 3＇with present method.     

玉米免耕技术气候适宜性评价

由于不同区域自然条件的差异,农业技术自身特点及对应用环境条件的要求,导致不同农业技术的应用效果存在较大差异和不确定性,对农业技术的适宜区域进行评价对农业技术推广具有重要意义。根据实地调研结果,应用Delphi法确定了农业技术气候适宜性评价的初始指标集,并利用粗糙集理论实现评价指标的筛选,根据模糊数学原理、最小因子定律和耐性定律建立了农业技术气候适宜性评价模型,并对中国玉米免耕技术进行气候适宜性评价。结果表明,决定免耕技术气候适宜性的核心气象因子为温度和降水,而评价免耕技术气候适宜性的关键指标为降水和玉米生育内≥10℃积温。在1981-2010年间,中国玉米免耕技术适宜区域主要包括：东北地区的黑龙江省和吉林省的中东部以及辽宁省,华北地区的河北省、山西省的南部,山东省、河南省、陕西省的中南部、长江中下游的平原与丘陵区、西南地区的重庆市、四川省、云南省、贵州省以及华南地区和海南省。