拱盖平底水窖结构优化及评定方法

针对目前雨水利用中大量推广应用的拱盖平底水窖结构型式,利用理论力学削球壳体无弯矩薄膜内力计算结果,在分析确定水窖拱盖结构经济合理矢跨比的基础上,利用水窖深径比概念,建立了拱盖平底水窖结构优化数学模型,提出了拱盖平底水窖经济断面深径比求解方法;同时,提出了土方工程容积置换系数和衬砌工程容积置换系数概念并据此分别建立了水窖结构优化评定方法。评定结果显示,优化之后的拱盖平底水窖结构,完成单位蓄水设施容积建设可减少土方开挖量18%以上,完成单位衬砌工程量可增加约11%的蓄水容积,从而显著提高了容积置换系数,大大降低了工程造价。     

运动式治理向长效治理的范式转变——以山东和东北地区秸秆禁烧运动为例

在推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的大背景下,推动运动式治理转向长效治理,是实现社会治理目标的必要举措。基于此,以山东和东北两地秸秆禁烧运动为例,采用定性研究方法,从政策目标制定、政策执行机制和治理效果评价三大维度阐述两地在秸秆禁烧治理中的运动式治理过程,并提出以用促禁,推动运动式治理向长效治理进行范式转换,以实现治理效果的长期化、稳定化。     

黑棘鲷仔鱼饥饿实验及不可逆点的确定

在水温18℃~19℃条件下,采用实验生态学方法研究了饥饿对黑棘鲷(Acanthopagrus schlegelii)仔鱼存活、生长发育及行为学特征的影响。通过测定仔鱼的初次摄食率和饥饿不可逆点(PNR),确定了初次投喂的最佳时间。结果显示,黑棘鲷仔鱼3日龄开口摄食,4日龄卵黄囊消失,6日龄油球消失,混合营养期仅3 d,属容易遭受饥饿胁迫的鱼类。仔鱼开口时初次摄食率仅为30%,之后迅速提高,至5日龄达到最高的90%,之后逐渐下降,7日龄降至45%,到达PNR。饥饿组仔鱼在6日龄后开始出现生理性萎缩,全长与对照组相比差异显著(P<0.05),进入PNR后,仔鱼活动能力显著下降,身体出现扭曲、畸形,死亡率急剧升高,至10日龄全部死亡。黑棘鲷仔鱼耐受饥饿能力较弱,建议开始投饵的最适时机为仔鱼开口后的4 d内。     

宁夏银北灌区排水暗管土工布外包料透水与防淤堵性能

有效地阻止排水暗管被淤堵又能保持其稳定的透水性,是暗管排水应用中亟需解决的问题.为了深入理解排水暗管土工布外包料透水与防淤堵性能,该研究选取了常用的7种土工布,其中3种纺黏聚丙烯(Polypropylene,PP)无纺布,4种热熔纺黏丝无纺布,并对其中一种布进行亲水剂浸泡处理.以宁夏银北灌区土壤为例,基于室内土柱试验,...     

适用于黄河水滴灌的灌水器筛选研究

传统的黄河水滴灌系统灌水器选择方法常以抗堵塞能力高低为标准,极易产生成本过高、资源浪费等问题.该研究提出了综合考虑使用年限需求、系统成本投入及碳足迹的滴灌带产品选择方法,并开展了黄河水原位加速测试试验.结果表明:黄河水滴灌条件下不同类型灌水器产品的生命周期、投入成本和碳足迹差异较大,以1 a使用期的毛管不冲洗处理组为例...     

玉米免耕技术气候适宜性评价

由于不同区域自然条件的差异,农业技术自身特点及对应用环境条件的要求,导致不同农业技术的应用效果存在较大差异和不确定性,对农业技术的适宜区域进行评价对农业技术推广具有重要意义。根据实地调研结果,应用Delphi法确定了农业技术气候适宜性评价的初始指标集,并利用粗糙集理论实现评价指标的筛选,根据模糊数学原理、最小因子定律和耐性定律建立了农业技术气候适宜性评价模型,并对中国玉米免耕技术进行气候适宜性评价。结果表明,决定免耕技术气候适宜性的核心气象因子为温度和降水,而评价免耕技术气候适宜性的关键指标为降水和玉米生育内≥10℃积温。在1981-2010年间,中国玉米免耕技术适宜区域主要包括：东北地区的黑龙江省和吉林省的中东部以及辽宁省,华北地区的河北省、山西省的南部,山东省、河南省、陕西省的中南部、长江中下游的平原与丘陵区、西南地区的重庆市、四川省、云南省、贵州省以及华南地区和海南省。     

Backlash control and compensation for internal meshing involute spur gears

To best control the backlash of internal involute spur gears, the errors which influence the clearance in design and manufacture process are analyzed, classified and quantified. On the basis of realizing the formation mechanism and periodic change of errors, considering the feasibility of control and compensation of errors and minimum cost, this paper proposes a control and compensation method of gear backlash, including tooth thickness tolerance compensation based on equivalently modified gear, deformation compatibility design of gear, and the design formulas of minimum meshing center distance on the consideration of various errors. Then, by using the present method, two pairs of gear are taken for experiment by setting the module to 1, number of teeth to 45 and 40 respectively, precision grade to 7 and 6, respectively. The results show that the gear backlash was controlled in 3＇with present method.     

风蚀地区的保护性耕作探讨--以河北坝上地区为例

通过对河北省坝上地区农田风蚀的监测与分析,认为保护性耕作并不一定非免耕,在结构性差的土壤上适时耕翻也可以起到减降土壤风蚀的效果。     

Fish assemblages of Red Sea backreef biotopes

• 1. Fish assemblages of shallow‐lagoonal biotopes (seagrass beds, coral patches, reef flat and sand) were examined within the Nabq Managed Resource Protected Area (MRPA), South Sinai, Egypt. This protected area supports a small‐scale artisanal Bedouin fishery, managed by gear restrictions and a network of no‐take zones (NTZs).
• 2. Coral patches showed highest species richness and diversity of fish, followed in order by the reef flat, shallow seagrass beds and sandy bottoms.
• 3. There were clear differences in fish assemblages between the biotopes surveyed, little differences between sampling areas and no significant differences in fish assemblages between no‐take and take zones, suggesting species characteristic of these shallow‐water biotopes are dispersed along the coast irrespective of fishing pressure.
• 4. Nine species (Acanthurus nigrofuscus, Asterropteryx semipunctatus, Cryptocentrus caeruleopunctatus, Cheilio inermis, Thalassoma rueppellii, Lethrinus mahsena, Lethrinus nebulosus, Parupeneus forsskali and Pomacentrus trilineatus) had a 95% correlation to the pattern of assemblage distribution, indicating these species are the most important determinants of the fish community.
• 5. Approximately one‐third of fishes recorded appeared to be juveniles, with seagrass beds having a particularly high proportion of juvenile fish, including several commercial species.
• 6. The structure of the fish assemblage and fish size suggests that shallow‐water biotopes in Nabq MRPA may be acting as nursery areas of commercial fish for the Bedouin fishery.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Nitrous oxide emissions in a winter wheat – summer maize double cropping system under different tillage and fertilizer management

An accurate estimation of nitrous oxide (N₂O) emission from 110 million ha of upland in China is essential for the adoption of effective mitigation strategies. In this study, the effects of different tillage practices combined with nitrogen (N) fertilizer applications on N₂O emission in soils were considered for a winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) – summer maize (Zea mays L.) double cropping system. Treatments included conventional tillage plus urea in split application (CTF1), conventional tillage with urea in a single application (CTF2), no‐tillage with straw retained plus reduced urea in a split application (NTSF1) and no‐tillage with manure plus reduced urea in a split application (NTMF1). The amounts of N input in each treatment were 285 and 225 kg N/ha for wheat and maize, respectively. Both NTSF1 and NTMF1 were found to reduce chemical N fertilizer rates by 33.3% (wheat) and 20% (maize), respectively, compared to CTF1 and CTF2. N₂O emissions varied between 3.2 (NTSF1) and 9.9 (CTF2) kg N₂O‐N/ha during the wheat season and between 7.6 (NTFS1) and 14.0 (NTMF1) kg N₂O‐N/ha during the maize season. The yield‐based emission factors ranged from 21.9 (NTSF1) to 60.9 (CTF2) g N₂O‐N/kg N for wheat and 92.5 (NTSF1) to 157.4 (NTMF1) g N₂O‐N/kg N for maize. No significant effect of the treatments on crop yield was found. In addition to reducing production costs involved in land preparation, NTSF1 was shown to decrease chemical fertilizer input and mitigate N₂O emissions while sustaining crop yield.