Soil translocation resulting from multiple passes of tillage under normal field operating conditions

Until now, most tillage erosion experiments were conducted under controlled soil and operating conditions. However, soil condition, tillage depth, speed and direction generally show substantial within-field variation. In this study, a series of tillage experiments were set up to investigate the erosivity of tillage under normal operating conditions. The effect of a typical tillage sequence, including multiple mouldboard, chisel and harrow passes, on soil translocation and tillage erosion was studied during a period of 3 years. Soil translocation in excess of 10 m was observed while the average net translocation rates ranged between 0 and 0.9 m. The results suggest that the annual tillage transport coefficient, associated with mechanized agriculture, is in the order of 781 kg m⁻¹ yr⁻¹. The experimental results also show that the tillage transport coefficient of a sequence of tillage operations can be reasonably well predicted from information provided by the farmer and by summing the transport coefficients obtained from controlled, single pass experiments. However, a Monte Carlo simulation showed that a relatively high number of tillage operations are required to obtain accurate estimates of the tillage transport coefficients in multiple pass experiments.     

Ion Transport Dynamics in Acid Variable Charge Subsoils

This is a mini-review of the research work conducted by the authors with the objective of studying ion transport in variable charge subsoils collected from different areas around the world. An attempt is made in these studies to relate the unique behavior manifested during ionic transport in these subsoils with their mineralogical, physical and chemical properties, which are markedly different from those in soils from temperate regions. The variable charge subsoils have a relatively high salt sorption capacity and anion exchange capacity (AEC) that retards anions downward movement. The AEC correlates closely with the anion retardation coefficients. Ca²⁺ applied with gypsum in topsoil may be transported to the subsoil and may improve the subsoil chemical properties. These results may help in developing appropriate management strategies under a range of mineralogical, physical, and chemical conditions.     

温度势梯度下土壤水平一维水盐运动特征的实验研究

为了分析温度势梯度作用下的土壤水平一维水盐运动特征,该文对土柱中存在温度势梯度时不同初始含水率下水盐运动的实验结果进行了分析。通过对瞬态温度变化过程和稳态温度形成特征的探讨,研究了温度势梯度存在时水平一维土柱中水盐运动的特点。在温度势梯度影响下土壤水分总体上从暖端向冷端迁移,而土壤盐分则以某位置为临界点在暖端累积,在该临界位置前后土壤含盐量与初始含盐量相比,由高于该值到低于该值,并在接近冷端处与初始值相同     

An analysis of wet deposition of sulfate using a trajectory model for East Asia

A long-range transport model for East Asia was developed to estimate the wet deposition of sulfate. The model is a trajectory type which is appropriate for long-term analysis. Trajectories of air masses are calculated by tracing the wind field which changes spatially and temporally. The processes of reactions, rainout removal, intake of sulfate in cloud water into rain water, and dry and wet depositions are considered. It is possible to calculate the concentration of sulfate in precipitation at a receptor by performing material balance in a grid box containing the receptor.The results obtained by the long-range transport model were evaluated through comparison with observation data of acidic deposition. The observation was conducted at 21 stations throughout Japan for one year. The calculated amount of wet deposition of sulfate in Japan was 0.22Tg/y in S equivalent, while the observed amount was 0.29Tg/y. The long-range transport model can predict almost 80% of observed wet deposition. The contributions of domestic anthropogenic sources and volcanic eruption to wet deposition of sulfate in Japan were estimated using the longrange transport model. The ratio of the deposition of sulfate due to Japanese anthropogenic sources to that due to the Asian continental sources was about 1 to 2. Since air stream from the direction of the Asian continent dominates during winter, the contribution of Japan to wet deposition in the region which faces the Sea of Japan amounted to less than 15%. The contribution of the sulfur oxides from volcanoes was about 20%.     

Wind erosion and airborne dust deposition in farmland during spring in the Horqin Sandy Land of eastern Inner Mongolia, China

In the Horqin Sandy Land of eastern Inner Mongolia in northern China, wind erosion in farmland is very common in a period from thawing of frozen surface soil in mid-March to sowing of crops in the end of April, largely because of dry and windy weather. However, little is known about the magnitude of wind erosion and associated nutrient losses due to erosion and the addition of nutrients by airborne dust deposition to farmlands during this period. A field experiment was conducted in an Entisol with sand origin under corn (Zea mays L.) production to investigate daily changes in wind speed and wind erosion intensity (as measured by soil transport rate) over a period from 20 March to 30 April 2001. We also measured daily rates of airborne dust deposition during the spring seasons with the high frequency of dust storm occurrence. The rates of soil transport by wind varied greatly from 13.2 to 1254.1 kg ha⁻¹ per day, averaging 232.1 kg ha⁻¹ per day, largely attributable to great variation between days in wind speed within the study period. The potential losses of nutrients through wind erosion were 0.26–24.95 kg ha⁻¹ per day (averaging 4.62 kg ha⁻¹ per day) in organic matter, 0.02–1.64 kg ha⁻¹ per day (averaging 0.31 kg ha⁻¹ per day) in nitrogen and 0.01–0.7 kg ha⁻¹ per day (averaging 0.13 kg ha⁻¹ per day) in phosphorus. The mean rates of airborne dust deposition ranged from 4.0 to 48.9 kg ha⁻¹ per day, averaging 19.9 kg ha⁻¹ per day, during the spring seasons. The potential addition of organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus by dust input to the experimental field was, on average, 0.54, 0.04 and 0.02 kg ha⁻¹ per day, respectively. Although the addition was a fraction of the losses due to erosion, nevertheless, dust input in the spring seasons is one of the major suppliers of soil nutrition. The fact that the addition of nutrients by dust is about 1/10 of the losses of soil nutrients through wind erosion suggests that developing and adopting more effective management practices to reduce soil erosion losses and to improve soil fertility are crucial to achieve a sustainable agricultural system in a fragile, semiarid sandy land environment.     

水蚀条件下土壤初始含水量对黄土坡地溶质迁移的影响

水蚀条件下坡地水分溶质迁移规律对农业生产和水土资源保护具有重要作用.通过室内模拟降雨试验,研究了1.3%,5.7%,9.7%,14.2%和18.9%共5个含水量坡地土壤PO3-4、K 和Br-的迁移特征.结果表明溶质流失量和流失率均随土壤初始含水量的增加而增加,径流中溶质平均浓度与前期含水量呈抛物线关系,1.3%含水量坡地平均浓度均高于5.7%和9.7%坡地,18.9%含水量坡地最高.溶质在土壤剖面的垂向迁移量由大至小依次为:Br-＞K ＞PO3-4.前期含水量越低,非吸附性的Br-向较深土层的入渗量越大.K 和PO3-4的质量传递系数Km均随土壤初始含水量增加而增加,Br-和K 的Km较大,PO3-4的Km最小.基于对流一弥散理论的质量传递系数Km可以反映非吸附性Br-随地表径流迁移的特征,但不能够反映土壤侵蚀对吸附性K 和PO3-4地表流失的影响.避免在雨季里喷施大量速效肥料,可以有效地减少养分,尤其是吸附性养分的地表流失.     

区域土壤有机氮迁移的研究进展

农田土壤氮素迁移是影响区域环境质量的重要过程。通过综述近期在区域有机氮迁移以及稳定性同位素和模型研究方法方面的进展,指出:我国有机氮源的氮素损失在人口稠密和养殖业发达的区域已经成为非点源污染的重要来源;小流域氮素输出中可溶性有机氮是一个重要组成,其输出过程受气候以及人为引起的植被、土壤及水文过程的变化的影响;稳定性氮氧同位素可以识别水体中陆源氮污染物的分布;基于GIS的过程模型可以定量分析区域氮素迁移的数量及其环境效应。进一步提出了目前需要加强农田有机氮迁移过程及其影响机制的研究,发展基于稳定性同位素的区域氮素迁移定量方法,建立稻田生态系统和水旱轮作系统的氮素迁移定量评价模型,并归纳了减少面源污染的区域氮素迁移调控措施。     

六叉河小流域农田土壤中磷下渗迁移过程研究

选取我国东部江淮丘陵地区典型小流域——六叉河流域为实验区,以流域主要土地利用类型——旱地土壤为研究对象,原位监测了作物整个生长期中,不同磷肥条件下,磷在旱地壤中流中水平空间差异、时间动态与土壤垂直差异上的动态迁移规律。结果发现:在雨量丰沛、地下水位接近地表且土壤水分饱和度高的六叉河流域,旱地壤中流流量丰富且流量变化与降雨分布具有高度的一致性和同步反应性。在0.5和1m深处,壤中流中总磷(TP)浓度的平均值分别为0.566和0.269mg·L-1,远远超出相邻水体(巢湖)中磷浓度的控制要求。在水平空间、垂直剖面以及时间动态上,不同磷肥处理条件下壤中流中磷的迁移量没有显著性差异(P<0.05),说明与磷肥处理水平不相关。壤中流中TP和PO4-P浓度同降雨特征(降雨量/频率)密切相关,雨期浓度低,而干旱期则相对较高。监测证实,在六叉河流域,由于土壤表层(0～1m)中的磷含量较高,丰富的降雨-壤中流过程极易推动土壤磷传输。因此,除了地表径流传输控制外,如何有效抑制壤中流中的磷迁移对该区域水环境污染的治理十分关键。