Long-term culture of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) in submerged cages during winter affects behaviour, growth and condition

In the search for alternative farming methods, we investigated whether large salmon submerged below 10 m in winter conditions behaved normally and performed as well as control fish held in standard surface cages. On average, 2345 salmon of ~ 3.5 kg were kept in each of six 2000 m³ sea-cages for 6 weeks; three of which were submerged to 10–24 m depth and three acted as surface controls (0–14 m). Behaviour during both day and night was studied with echo-sounders, and underwater video cameras fitted with infra-red lamps. A sub-sample of fish from each cage was weighed, measured and assessed for fin and snout condition prior to and after the experimental period. In addition, the vertebral column of 50 fish from the control and submerged treatments were dissected and X-rayed to assess vertebral deformities. The submerged salmon seemed unable to re-fill any gas into the swim bladder, as a linear decrease in echo reflection to < 5% of pre-submergence levels after 22 days of submergence indicated loss of almost all gas from the physostomous swim bladders and negatively buoyant fish. Around day 22, submerged salmon swam at night time with a distinct ‘tail-down, head-up’ tilt (26°) compared to the horizontal swimming position of control fish (− 3°). Average swimming speed (body length per second) of submerged salmon were 1.3–1.4 times faster (day: 0.77 ± 0.02; night: 0.46 ± 0.02, (mean ± SE)) than control fish (day: 0.54 ± 0.01; night: 0.37 ± 0.02) both during day and night. Almost no mortality was seen, and the submerged salmon maintained similar diurnal vertical migrations as the surface fish, indicating that deep submergence did not exhaust the fish. However, submerged fish fed less efficiently, resulting in lower growth and reduced feed utilization. Fins and snouts of the submerged fish had small, but significantly more erosion than the control fish. Vertebrae in the tail region were significantly compressed in the submerged fish compared to control fish. This could be an early symptom of development of vertebral deformities. The results suggest that continuous submergence below 10 m for longer than 2 weeks reduces the welfare and performance of Atlantic salmon.     

采煤沉陷对土壤侵蚀与土地利用的影响预测

中国新建和将建的煤矿区主要集中分布在生态脆弱的晋、陕、蒙区,生态环境压力大。正确预测采煤沉陷引发的人为加速土壤侵蚀与土地利用变化,可为生态脆弱煤矿区的生态恢复和重建提供依据。该文采用RS、GIS为手段进行信息提取和图形叠加,结合类比法和专家咨询法等,研究了山西大同塔山矿采煤沉陷引发的土壤侵蚀和土地利用的变化。结果表明：1)采煤后88.80%土地发生不同程度的沉陷。2)沉陷后土地年土壤侵蚀总量增加42.32～79.05万t,单位面积年侵蚀量增加了246.01～464.56 t/km²,侵蚀模数为2321.78～4335.64 t/(km²·a),部分地块沉陷后土壤侵蚀强度上升了一个等级。3)地表移动变形产生的裂缝、陷坑、塌方或小滑坡等,使农用地被分割而破碎、地块变小,其中,沉陷后旱地最小斑块面积为7.72 m²,有林地最小斑块面积为72.95 m²,灌木林地最小斑块面积为6.71 m²,疏林地最小斑块面积为75.79 m²,中覆盖度草地最小斑块面积为14.81 m²,低覆盖度草地最小斑块面积为9.44 m²。局部裂缝密集带,可造成土地毁坏。4)除工交用地和居民点用地外,原地貌沉陷后土地利用率,较原地貌降低10%的比例为14.05%,降低10%～20%(含10%)的比例为85.18%,降低20%(含20%)以上的比例为0.77%。     

Soil conservation on road embankments using palm‐mat geotextiles: field studies in Lithuania

The application of geotextile mats constructed from the palm leaves of Borassus aethiopum (Borassus) and Mauritia flexuosa (Buriti) was investigated in field experiments. The use of geotextiles caused improved soil moisture storage during dry summer periods on a steep (21–25°) roadside slope in Lithuania. The enhanced soil moisture under the Borassus and Buriti mats encouraged better root development of perennial grasses, increased the number and weight of earthworms and increased the dry biomass of perennial grasses by 50.5 and 18.2%, respectively, compared with a grassland control. The mean rate of water erosion from bare soil during the study period from 17/04/2007 to 11/12/2008 was 33.21 Mg/ha. The cover of palm‐mat geotextiles decreased soil losses from bare fallow soil by 94.8–91.1%. An erosion rate of 0.85 Mg/ha over this 21‐month period was measured on the slope under perennial grasses without geotextile cover. Application of geotextile cover on perennial grasses completely prevented soil erosion by water. Therefore, use of geotextiles has clear soil and water conservation benefits on industrial slopes susceptible to erosion. The use of geotextiles has multiple benefits including soil conservation, the improvement of plant growth conditions and the encouragement of earthworm populations.     

策勒绿洲-荒漠过渡带风沙前沿近地面不同方向的输沙特征

利用策勒绿洲-荒漠过渡带风沙前沿输沙资料及风速风向资料,分析这一区域近地面输沙的方向分布特征。结果表明：① 风沙前沿起沙风风向以W、WNW为主,风向变化比较单一;② 观测点输沙量集中于NW、WNW、W、SW、WSW 5个方位,合计占总输沙量的68.3%;0～40 cm高度年输沙量为96.0 kg,年合成输沙量为45.9 kg,合成输沙方向为102.5°;③ 观测点年输沙势为43.2 VU,年合成输沙势为31.04 VU,输沙势的方向分布与实测输沙量存在较大差异。     

Root development of winter wheat in erosion‐affected soils depending on the position in a hummocky ground moraine soil landscape

Agricultural soil landscapes of hummocky ground moraines are characterized by 3D spatial patterns of soil types that result from profile modifications due to the combined effect of water and tillage erosion. We hypothesize that crops reflect such soil landscape patterns by increased or reduced plant and root growth. Root development may depend on the thickness and vertical sequence of soil horizons as well as on the structural development state of these horizons at different landscape positions. The hypotheses were tested using field data of the root density (RD) and the root lengths (RL) of winter wheat using the minirhizotron technique. We compared data from plots at the CarboZALF‐D site (NE Germany) that are representing a non‐eroded reference soil profile (Albic Luvisol) at a plateau position, a strongly eroded profile at steep slope (Calcaric Regosol), and a depositional profile at the footslope (Anocolluvic Regosol). At each of these plots, three Plexiglas access tubes were installed down to approx. 1.5 m soil depth. Root measurements were carried out during the growing season of winter wheat (September 2014–August 2015) on six dates. The root length density (RLD) and the root biomass density were derived from RD values assuming a mean specific root length of 100 m g^?1. Values of RD and RLD were highest for the Anocolluvic Regosol and lowest for the Calcaric Regosol. The maximum root penetration depth was lower in the Anocolluvic Regosol because of a relatively high and fluctuating water table at this landscape position. Results revealed positive relations between below‐ground (root) and above‐ground crop parameters (i.e., leaf area index, plant height, biomass, and yield) for the three soil types. Observed root densities and root lengths in soils at the three landscape positions corroborated the hypothesis that the root system was reflecting erosion‐induced soil profile modifications. Soil landscape position dependent root growth should be considered when attempting to quantify landscape scale water and element balances as well as agricultural productivity.     

基于RS/GIS的布哈河流域土壤侵蚀现状研究

利用遥感和GIS的方法获得了流域内年降水量、年均气温、地形、土壤类型和土地覆被类型等5种评价因子数据,在GIS中通过建模及空间分析,获得了布哈河流域土壤侵蚀强度等级类型及空间分布信息。结果表明,研究区土壤侵蚀总面积是14 337km2,其中轻度侵蚀和中度侵蚀面积居多,分别占土壤侵蚀总面积的54.88%和20.51%;剧烈侵蚀面积占土壤侵蚀总面积的0.63%。     

文山州石漠化状况及成因分析

文山州石漠化面积10017．3km^2,占全州岩溶面积的59．65％,占国土面积的31．07％．目前石漠化已经成为制约文山州经济社会可持续发展最严重的生态地质环境问题,主要危害是：土地退化,环境污染日益严重;土地生态功能下降;加剧区域农民贫困．文山州石漠化的形成是由于岩溶地区地质环境脆弱,在不合理的人类活动和自然因素作用下,一些地区植被退化乃至消亡,导致水土严重流失,最终形成了连片分布的裸露石漠．     

基于正交试验的超音速火焰喷涂WC-12Co涂层抗冲蚀性能研究

采用超音速火焰喷涂(high-velocity oxygen-fuel, HVOF)技术制备WC-12Co涂层,利用扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope, SEM)、能谱仪(energy dispersive spectrometer, EDS)表征粉末、磨料、冲蚀前后涂层表面/截面的微观形貌和元素变化.设计正交试验并利用冲蚀试验机分析冲蚀距离、冲蚀角度和冲砂量对涂层冲蚀率的影响,探讨了涂层冲蚀机理.结果表明：WC-12Co涂层组织较为均匀、存在少量孔隙,涂层与基体间的结合方式以机械结合为主.极差和方差分析发现,当前工况下冲蚀距离对涂层冲蚀率的影响最为显著、冲蚀角度次之、冲砂量最小;30°冲蚀时冲蚀率最小、60°次之、90°最大.相对于高角度冲蚀,WC-12Co涂层具有较优的抗低角度冲蚀能力.30°冲蚀时涂层冲蚀机理为微观切削和犁削损伤,并伴有局部的脆断和剥落;90°冲蚀时为正向锤击作用引起的脆性断裂和片状疲劳剥落,剥落坑深度远大于30°冲蚀时的切削和犁沟深度,涂层损伤更为严重.     

基于改进欧拉算法的双吸离心泵泥沙磨损特性研究

固液两相流算法对双吸离心泵泥沙磨损模拟精度有直接影响。采用改进的固液两相流欧拉算法,考虑了相间阻力和泥沙扩散系数两方面因素,对典型悬移质泥沙粒径条件下的双吸离心泵流场进行了数值计算。研究发现,叶片表面湍流强度在头部和尾部较大,可达6%~10%;叶片头部和尾部的颗粒动态尺度大于中部。由湍流强度和颗粒动态尺度组成的湍动尺度效应,在叶片头部和尾部表现强烈,湍动尺度效应使固液相间阻力增大,更有利于颗粒的扩散,避免了颗粒聚集,对大颗粒的作用强于小颗粒。湍动尺度效应导致叶片表面固相体积分数分布范围减小,大颗粒的变化值大于小颗粒,叶片头部和尾部的改变值大于中部,叶片表面的严重磨损部位为叶片工作面尾部的块状磨损区,这比采用传统算法得到的带状磨损区和偏磨区计算结果,更符合离心泵实际磨损情况,考虑湍动尺度效应后得到的磨损率也有所增大。在此基础上,提出了双吸离心泵叶片水力设计和表面喷涂防护原则,为提高双吸离心泵抵抗泥沙磨损能力奠定了基础。     

黄土丘陵区牧草篱对坡耕地土壤抗侵蚀性的影响

以苜蓿、红豆草2种牧草篱为研究对象,对黄土丘陵区坡耕地布设牧草篱前后及牧草篱形成初期草带内、带间坡耕地土壤物理性质、抗蚀性、抗冲性、抗剪性的差异及各相关性进行了研究.结果表明:1)牧草篱可以明显改善土壤容重、总孔隙度、饱和含水量、水稳性团聚体含量等物理性质;2)牧草篱影响下土壤抗蚀性、抗冲性提高,牧草篱带内土壤抗剪强度小于带间坡耕地;3)牧草篱系统内土壤抗冲系数与土壤容重呈负相关关系,与总孔隙度、饱和含水量、水稳性团聚体含量呈正相关;崩解速率与土壤容重成正相关,与总孔隙度、饱和含水量、水稳性团聚体含量呈负相关;土壤抗剪强度与土壤容重呈正相关(p＜0.05),与总孔隙度、饱和含水量、水稳性团聚体呈负相关.