1LFT-555型液压翻转栅条犁的设计与试验

针对当前农业生产需求及147kW以上拖拉机配套液压翻转犁依赖进口的现状,研制了1LFT-555型液压翻转栅条犁。该机翻转可靠性高,操作简单,主犁体采用栅条式结构,翻垡覆盖效果好,耕作阻力小。田间试验结果表明:该机和不同功率及多种轮距的拖拉机配套使用,作业速度可达10.8km/h,犁耕作业效果好,在棉花地和水稻地的耕深稳定性系数及耕宽稳定性系数均达到了95%以上,在棉花地的碎土率也达到了90%以上。该机各项性能指标达到国家有关标准的要求,为147kW以上拖拉机提供了配套犁耕机具。     

Downward Movement of Soil Cations in Highly Weathered Soils Caused by Addition of Gypsum

Abstract

Besides supplying calcium (Ca) and sulfur (S) to plants, gypsum has recently been used in agriculture to ameliorate some soil physical and chemical properties, especially to alleviate aluminum phytotoxicity in subsoils. When applied in large quantities, however, gypsum may leach significant amounts of nutrients from the plow layer. This study was conducted to assess the effect of gypsum addition to the soil on the magnitude of cation leaching as well as the relationship of leaching with some soil properties in a group of seven Brazilian soils. Rates of gypsum equivalents to 0, 5.0, 10, and 20 t ha^?1 (0, 2.5, 5.0, and 10 g kg^?1) were mixed with triplicate soil samples consisting of 3.0 kg of dry base soil. After 60 days of incubation at room temperature (15–25°C), the experimental units were packed into polyvinyl chloride leaching columns (32‐cm‐high×10 -cm-diameter) at a density of 0.9 g cm^?3. Thereafter, they were percolated once a week with a volume of distilled water equivalent to 1.5 times the total soil porosity over 11 weeks. Soil samples were collected before the first and after the last percolation, for chemical analysis. Averaged across soils, 11 percolation events leached about 26% of each Ca, magnesium (Mg), and potassium (K) from the treatment without gypsum. Averaged across soils and rates, addition of gypsum leached 41–94% of added Ca, 13–90% of exchangeable Mg, and 13–58% of exchangeable K, and the highest losses occurred on the sandiest soils. The relationship between soil parameters and Ca leaching varied with gypsum rate: in the treatments that received gypsum, leaching was negatively related to cation exchange capacity (CEC), clay, and organic matter, and positively correlated with sand; in the treatment with no gypsum, leaching correlated with the same parameters above, nevertheless, all coefficients presented opposite signs. Leaching of K caused by gypsum was negatively associated with clay and positively with sand, whereas leaching of Mg was poorly correlated with any soil parameter. Gypsum is a good source to promote high and fast downward movement of Ca in the soil profile, but rates must be cautiously chosen because of excessive leaching of Mg especially on soils with low CEC.     

手扶拖拉机配套驱动式圆盘犁的参数设计

阐述了手扶拖拉机配套驱动式圆盘犁研究过程中有关参数确定等设计内容。研究结果可供手扶拖拉机配套驱动式圆盘犁产品设计时参考。     

驱动式圆盘犁的现状与发展

驱动式圆盘犁是８０年代出现的一种新型、高效、节能的耕地机具．本文介绍了驱动式圆盘犁的国内外研制情况与水平,并对市场前景作了分析,提出在国内进一步开发有关驱动式圆盘犁产品的建议．研究结果可供驱动式圆盘犁产品设计和制造部门参考．     

气动翻转双向犁及气缸的设计

利用气压作动力,选用双向齿轮齿条传动活塞气缸,驱动铧式双向犁左右翻转,完成闭垄耕作,可替代国内外双向犁上常用的液压翻转装置。通过设计、受力分析,引用函数逼近法找出了气动背压机构的最佳参数。实验表明,其性能指标均达到国家有关标准要求,且结构和制造工艺简化,生产成本降低,增加了农用拖拉机的适用性。     

心土培肥犁改良瘠薄土壤的效果

研究根据心土培肥的改土技术要求研制出心土培肥犁,并分别在瘠薄黑土和碳酸盐草甸黑钙土上开展大面积机械改土试验,明确自主研发的心土培肥犁改土后对土壤理化性质影响及对作物产量的效果,为其广泛应用到低产土壤改良提供机械及技术支持。试验设深松、心土培肥和常规对照耕作,采用大田对比方法。研究结果表明:心土培肥和深松在不同类型土壤上对土壤理、化性质,对作物产量及产量性状影响后效不完全一致;心土培肥降低土壤抗剪强度后效明显,碳酸盐草甸黑钙土10~30 cm土层土壤抗剪强度比对照降低6.65~12.16 k Pa,黑土比对照降低8.20~11.31 k Pa,碳酸盐草甸黑钙土改土后效果明显,黑土改土后效长,心土培肥改土效果优于深松;土壤容质量和硬度趋势同上;心土培肥提高土壤透气系数为2.78~14.28倍,饱和导水率为2.38~11.62倍;深松和心土培肥可提高下层土水分消耗比例,30~60 cm土层耗水量为心土培肥区深松区对照区,心土培肥耗水量比照高10%;心土培肥处理可提高土壤磷含量和供磷强度,20~30 cm和30~40 cm土层土壤供磷强度比对照分别提高4.19~5.17倍和4.96~17倍,碳酸盐草甸黑钙土高于黑土;心土培肥可提高玉米产量,碳酸盐草甸黑钙土上心土培肥增产幅度为6.82%~18.01%,黑土增产幅度为6.45%~11.18%,平均增产效果碳酸盐草甸黑钙土薄层黑土,但黑土持续增产效果好。     

Nutrient leaching from the plow layer by water percolation and accumulation in the subsoil in an irrigated paddy field

To estimate the impact of water percolation on the nutrient status in paddy fields, the seasonal variations of the concentrations of cations, anions, inorganic carbon (IC), and of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in percolating water that was collected from just below the plow layer (PW-13) and from drainage pipes at the 40 em depth (PW-40), as well as in irrigation water were measured in an irrigated paddy field. Total amounts of Ca, Mg, K, Fe, and Mn leached from PW-13 during the period of rice cultivation were estimated to range from about 390 to 770, 65 to 130, 33 to 66, 340 to 680, and 44 to 87 kg ha^-1, respectively. Amounts of losses that were estimated from the differences between the input by irrigation water and the output by percolation water from the plow layer corresponded to 11 to 26, 22 to 47,5.9 to 12, and 13 to 26% of exchangeable Ca and Mg, amorphous Fe, and easily reducible Mn in the plow layer, respectively. The concentrations of Ca, Mg, K, Fe, and Mn in PW13 were higher than those in PW-40. The amounts of these nutrients that were retained in the subsoil between the 13 em and 40 em soil depth corresponded to 83, 86, 61, 99, and 89% of the amounts that percolated from the plow layer, respectively. Total amounts of IC and DOC that percolated from the plow layer ranged from 750 to 1,500 and 85 to 170 kg-C ha^-1, which corresponded to 5.0 to 10.0% and 0.6 to 1.1% of the total carbon content in the plow layer, respectively. Eighty eight % of IC in the percolating water from the plow layer was also retained in the subsoil.     

组合式左翻驱动圆盘犁的入土及平衡性能计算分析

为了提高驱动圆盘犁的旱耕入土能力,改善平衡性能,该文提出了一种无需尾轮装置、由驱动圆盘犁和铧式犁组合而成的组合式左翻驱动圆盘犁,比普通驱动圆盘犁的结构有了显著的简化,减轻了犁的整机重量,降低了原材料及加工成本.通过对入土力矩及侧向力平衡装置在沟墙上的支撑面积的计算,结果表明了组合式驱动圆盘犁比通驱动圆盘犁入土力矩增大了...     

用最小可检测差异技术评估耕作方式对土壤C固定的影响

Three long-term field trials in humid regions of Canada and the USA were used to evaluate the influence of soil depth and sample numbers on soil organic carbon （SOC） sequestration in no-tillage （NT） and moldboard plow （MP） corn （Zea mays L.） and soybean （Glycine max L.） production systems. The first trial was conducted on a Maryhill silt loam （Typic Hapludalf） at Elora, Ontario, Canada, the second on a Brookston clay loam （Typic Argiaquoll） at Woodslee, Ontario, Canada, and the third on a Thorp silt loam （Argiaquic Argialboll） at Urbana, Illinois, USA. No-tillage led to significantly higher SOC concentrations in the top 5 cm compared to MP at all 3 sites. However, NT resulted in significantly lower SOC in sub-surface soils as compared to MP at Woodslee （10-20 cm, P =0.01） and Urbana （20-30 cm, P 〈 0.10）. No-tillage had significantly more SOC storage than MP at the Elora site （3.3 Mg C ha^-1） and at the Woodslee site （6.2 Mg C ha^-1） on an equivalent mass basis （1 350 Mg ha^-1 soil equivalent mass）. Similarly, NT had greater SOC storage than MP at the Urbana site （2.7 Mg C ha^-1） on an equivalent mass basis of 675 Mg ha^-1 soil. However, these differences disappeared when the entire plow layer was evaluated for both the Woodslee and Urbana sites as a result of the higher SOC concentrations in MP than in NT at depth. Using the minimum detectable difference technique, we observed that up to 1 500 soil sample per tillage treatment comparison will have to be collected and analyzed for the Elora and Woodslee sites and over 40 soil samples per tillage treatment comparison for the Urbana to statistically separate significant differences in the SOC contents of sub-plow depth soils. Therefore, it is impracticable, and at the least prohibitively expensive, to detect tillage-induced differences in soil C beyond the plow layer in various soils.     

驱动式圆盘犁扭矩测定系统的设计

对一种以笔记本电脑为硬件平台的驱动式圆盘犁扭矩数据采集系统,进行田间测试,结果表明,其操作简单,工作性能稳定,测定结果准确,可作为圆盘犁等农业机械田间试验的一种有效测试手段.