大网目底拖网在稳定流场中的数值模拟

通过有限单元法构建大网目底拖网渔具的数学模型,以计算在定常流条件下底拖网渔具的受力情况、网口扩张和渔具的形态变化.为了提高计算效率,提出了适用于拖网的网目群化方法.群化后的拖网模型为单元数6513的model-1模型和单元数1787的model-2模型两种规格,分别进行数值计算,并与水槽物理模型试验结果进行比较.结果表...     

刺参与日本对虾池塘高效混养技术

刺参夏眠期间正是日本对虾生长的大好季节,将刺参和日本对虾混养,在7月份放养虾苗,严格控制养殖池内的杂鱼虾等,就可大大提高日本对虾和刺参的成活率,利用此二者在饵料和空间的互补性,可显著提高虾池的利用率和经济效益。     

龙池鲫DNA含量、倍性分析及其形态学特征研究

以鸡(Gallus sp.)红细胞DNA含量(2.5 pg/N)为标准对照,利用流式细胞术测定了龙池鲫(Carassius auratus in Long Lake)的红细胞核DNA含量,采用T型标技术标记了2倍体与3倍体龙池鲫并研究了2倍体与3倍体龙池鲫的形态特征,为阐明龙池鲫的遗传背景及资源增殖保护提供科学依据。结果显示,实验检测的265尾龙池鲫中,42尾龙池鲫样品红细胞核的相对DNA含量接近76,占15.85%,223尾样品接近110,占群体数的84.15%;二倍体龙池鲫的DNA含量为3.83 pg/N,三倍体龙池鲫的DNA含量为5.38 pg/N。龙池鲫是由二倍体和三倍体两种类型的鱼组成的混合群体;侧线鳞数量可作为二倍体龙池鲫与三倍体龙池鲫的辨别参考指标。T型标暂养1周后龙池鲫的成活率达到100%,脱牌率为1.13%。     

圆柱干扰对杂交鲟幼鱼游泳能力及代谢行为影响研究

为了研究流场扰动对鱼类游泳行为和代谢的影响,本研究测定了单、双圆柱(平行)扰动条件下杂交鲟(Acipenser schrenckii♀×A.baeri♂)幼鱼的临界游泳速度和耗氧率。结果显示:与对照组比较,单、双圆柱扰动条件下,杂交鲟幼鱼U_crit比对照组分别增加了1.71%和40.41%。游泳过程中,耗氧率和速度呈线性关系,单、双圆柱扰动条件下,速度系数b值显著小于对照组,上溯运动中能量利用效率较高。圆柱设置形成的流场环境有利于提高杂交鲟幼鱼游泳能力和游泳效率。湍动能为1.960×10^-4～46.92×10^-4 m^2/s^2时,杂交鲟幼鱼游泳效率较高,上溯所需的能耗减少。     

潜流湿地技术在高密度养殖尾水处理中的应用

构建"潜流湿地+生物净化"的湿地生态系统,并以纯生物净化系统作为对照区,研究其对池塘高密度养殖尾水中总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)、悬浮物总颗粒(SS)指标的去除效果,并对试验区与对照区内的产量与效益进行分析。结果表明:构建湿地生态系统后,区域内养殖面积有所减少,但产量与效益却有所提高。试验区的净化面积占整个养殖系统的7.9%,远远小于对照区的净化面积占比18.8%。对TN、TP、CODMn的去除率分别为80.8%～90.9%、78.95%～88.18%和23.20%～27.24%,对照区对相应指标的去除率分别为70.8%～88.7%、76.09%～87.14%和15.38%～25.08%,试验区的去除效率略高于对照区。至2011年,试验区与对照区的池塘生产各类水产品产量分别比2009年增长24.8%与19.2%、销售收入分别增长了26.4%与14.8%、利润分别增加了35.2%与18.64%。试验区产量与效益明显好于对照区。因此,潜流湿地方式净化水质节省了土地资源,提高了鱼池利用率及养殖效益,与纯生物净化相比具有明显的优越性。     

基于线性混合模型的蓝点马鲛叉长和体重关系的月间及性别差异

为了研究蓝点马鲛（）生活史特征的异质性,根据2018年10月至2019年3月在东海外海渔场的拖网调查采样数据,对其叉长和体重关系的月间及性别差异进行了研究。依据收集的367尾蓝点马鲛样本,求得其叉长和体重关系（b的估计均值为2.794。本研究构建了广义线性模型和9个线性混合模型,用于研究蓝点马鲛的叉长和体重关系（）在时间及性别上的差异。贝叶斯信息准则（BIC）值和均方根误差值均表明,最复杂的线性混合模型（即月份和性别对两个参数P<0.01）。在最优模型中,a值则与此相反。本研究表明,月份和性别对蓝点马鲛叉长和体重关系具有显著的影响,线性混合模型能把月份和性别的异质性通过随机效应在单个模型中更准确、快速地体现,从而进一步证实了此模型在数据来源异质性研究中的优势。     

南沙群岛重点岛礁潟湖微型浮游动物的群落结构与摄食

潟湖是岛礁生物多样性演变的重要环境场,在岛礁水生态系统的物质循环和能量流动中发挥重要作用,而微型浮游动物的生态功能研究是解析南沙群岛岛礁水域潟湖生态系统初级生产力组成、流向、能量流动效率的重要研究内容之一。实验通过对南沙群岛重点岛礁渚碧礁、美济礁与永暑礁潟湖表层水域中微型浮游动物与生态环境调查,研究了其群落结构及其与环境因子的关系,并通过稀释培养实验研究了微型浮游动物的摄食压力。结果显示,调查水域共发现微型浮游动物20种,总丰度的范围为320～1 460个/L,以无壳纤毛虫丰度最高。无壳纤毛虫在渚碧礁潟湖西部水域（ZB-1）丰度最高,砂壳纤毛虫峰值则出现在永暑礁潟湖中部水域（YS-3）,桡足类幼体丰度最大值出现在美济礁潟湖北部水域（MJ-2）。聚类分析结果显示,3个岛礁潟湖中部区域的微型浮游动物群落相似度较高,溶解氧是影响群落结构的最重要因素,特别是对MJ-3站位影响最为突出。摄食实验结果显示,3个岛礁潟湖水域浮游植物生长率为0.22～1.36 d^-1;微型浮游动物摄食率范围为0.22～0.60 d^-1,微型浮游动物每天约摄食浮游植物现存量的...     

Sap flow in ‘Hass’ avocado trees on two clonal rootstocks in relation to xylem anatomy

The rates of sap flow and xylem vessel features were studied in two-year-old nongrafted and grafted avocado (Persea americana Mill.) trees. Daily sap flow rates were measured with heat and balance stem gauges in clonal Duke 7 (D7) and Toro Canyon (TC) trees and ‘Hass’ clonal scions grafted onto clonal D7 (H/D7) and TC (H/TC) rootstocks. Vessel features as size, number and total vessel area were determined histologically in the stem of the scion and rootstock and the roots of the grafted trees. Significant differences in the sap flow rate were found among the rootstocks, where D7 had a 29% higher sap flow rate than did TC (grafted and nongrafted trees). There were no differences among xylem vessel features in the stems of any of the varieties. However in the roots, D7 had wider and fewer vessels then TC do. Also, D7 had a 19% higher total vessel area than TC. These results suggest that the differences in water consumption of ‘Hass’ on different rootstocks may be associated with differences in the efficiency of the roots to absorb water across conductive tissue which may be linked to differences in the area of xylem vessels in the root.     

Relating tradable credits for biodiversity to sustainability criteria in a dynamic landscape

Tradable biodiversity credit systems provide flexible means to resolve conflicts between development and conservation land-use options for habitats occupied by threatened or endangered species. We describe an approach to incorporate the influence of habitat fragmentation into the conservation value of tradable credits. Habitat fragmentation decreases gene flow, increases rates of genetic drift and inbreeding, and increases probabilities of patch extinction. Importantly, tradable credit systems will change the level of fragmentation over time for small and/or declining populations. We apply landscape equivalency analysis (LEA), a generalizable, landscape-scale accounting system that assigns conservation value to habitat patches based on patch contributions to abundance and genetic variance at landscape scales. By evaluating habitat trades using two models that vary the relationship between dispersal behaviors and landscape patterns, we show that LEA provides a novel method for limiting access to habitat at the landscape-scale, recognizing that the appropriate amount of migration needed to supplement patch recruitment and to offset drift and inbreeding will vary as landscape pattern changes over time. We also found that decisions based on probabilities of persistence alone would ignore changes in migration, genetic drift, and patch extinction that result from habitat trades. The general principle of LEA is that habitat patches traded should make at least equivalent contributions to rates of recruitment and migration estimated at a landscape scale. Traditional approaches for assessing the “take” and “jeopardy” standards under the Endangered Species Act based on changes in abundance and probability of persistence may be inadequate to prevent trades that increase fragmentation.     

流式细胞术在水生生物DNA含量和倍性分析中的应用

利用流式细胞仪对鲤鱼、银鲫、黄颡、牙鲆等淡水和海水鱼类进行了DNA含量测定或倍性分析。通过几百个样品的测定和分析,认为流式细胞仪在DNA相对含量测定和倍性分析上结果比较稳定一致,可以用于大量样品的测定分析。同时对待测样品的保存、处理及上样量等进行了一系列比较研究,找出最好的保存方法、最简便的样品处理方法和最少的上样量。流式细胞仪在水生生物的遗传育种、种群分化等方面有很重要的应用价值。