牛粪堆肥过程中nosZ型反硝化细菌动态变化

采用高通量测序技术,研究牛粪堆肥过程中不同时期与不同深度的nosZ型反硝化细菌群落组成的动态变化与多样性,并通过冗余分析(Redundancy analysis, RDA)和Spearman相关性分析,揭示了堆肥过程中nosZ型反硝化细菌与理化指标之间的相关关系。结果表明,堆肥不同时期nosZ型反硝化细菌群落结构差异显著,反硝化细菌群落多样性和丰富度均呈先降低后升高的趋势,在堆肥降温期不同深度的反硝化细菌群落结构和多样性指数差异显著。此外,理化因素显著影响堆肥反硝化菌群的群落结构与多样性,螯台球菌属(Chelatococcus)与温度呈极显著正相关(P0.01),Polymorphum与硝态氮呈极显著正相关(P0.01),生根瘤菌属(Mesorhizobium)与含水率和C/N呈极显著负相关(P0.01)。反硝化细菌的多样性与温度、pH、氨态氮呈极显著负相关(P0.01),与硝态氮呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。反硝化细菌的丰富度与温度呈极显著负相关(P0.01)。综上所述,堆肥时间和深度均为影响nosZ型反硝化细菌群落结构的重要因素,且该菌群群落结构变化受理化因子的显著影响。     

Nutrient release pattern of organic and inorganic resources used in cassava production (Manihot esculenta Crantz)

The major constraint in the promotion of organic farming, a safe and sustainable alternative, is lack of availability of quality organic resources in sufficient quantities. The quality of resources can be ascertained by monitoring its nutrient release pattern, which has not yet been attempted. A controlled condition pot experiment was conducted at ICAR-Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Thiruvananthapuram, India, in completely randomized design to study the nutrient dynamics of various organic and inorganic resources, commonly used in cassava production, at monthly intervals up to six months. The release of almost all nutrients and activity of soil enzymes were higher at the middle (3 or 4?months) of the incubation period. The pH showed an increasing trend and electrical conductivity, organic C and Fe content declined from initial. Averaging over stages, organic practice favored the activity of soil enzymes and release of almost all nutrients over conventional system significantly, except N.     

畜禽粪便与秸秆厌氧-好氧发酵气肥联产碳氮元素变化研究

传统沼气工程的气肥联产工艺中,厌氧发酵产气与好氧发酵产肥互相独立,产气和产肥周期均较长、有机肥品质差,影响工程的高效运行。为缩短发酵周期、提高产气效率和有机肥品质,该研究将猪粪、鸡粪和秸秆混合进行15和30 d的干法厌氧发酵,将得到的沼渣添加秸秆辅料混合,分别设置65%和70%的发酵物料初始含水率进行15 d的高温好氧发酵,对比分析了不同厌氧-好氧发酵组合对产气和产肥的影响。结果表明:厌氧发酵阶段,混合物料的日产气率自发酵开始后逐渐上升,并在第8天达到最高峰,至第15天降至峰值的50%以下,此时累积产气量达到30 d发酵周期的71%,平均容积产气率达到1.91 m~3/(m~3?d),比发酵30 d平均容积产气率高41.5%。好氧发酵阶段,各处理组碳元素含量持续下降,氮元素含量先下降后增加,所得发酵产物均达到腐熟标准。采用15 d厌氧发酵所获得的沼渣进行好氧发酵,所得发酵产物的电导率、腐殖化程度和发芽指数均优于采用30 d厌氧发酵所获得的沼渣进行好氧发酵所得的发酵产物,同时总有机碳和总氮含量也较其分别提高了6.0%～21.7%和3.0%～10.2%,不同好氧发酵物料初始含水率对发酵产物的品质影响较不明显。因此,采用厌氧、好氧发酵周期均为15 d的组合,可缩短发酵周期、大幅提高产气效率和发酵产物的碳氮营养元素含量,有利于提高沼气工程运行效率和经济效益。     

Physical carbon‐sequestration mechanisms under special consideration of soil wettability

The protective impact of aggregation on microbial degradation through separation has been described frequently, especially for biotically formed aggregates. However, to date little information exists on the effects of organic‐matter (OM) quantity and OM quality on physical protection, i.e., reduced degradability by microorganisms caused by physical factors. In the present paper, we hypothesize that soil wettability, which is significantly influenced by OM, may act as a key factor for OM stabilization as it controls the microbial accessibility for water, nutrients, and oxygen in three‐phase systems like soil. Based on this hypothesis, the first objective is to evaluate new findings on the organization of organo‐mineral complexes at the nanoscale as one of the processes creating water‐repellent coatings on mineral surfaces. The second objective is to quantify the degree of alteration of coated surfaces with regard to water repellence. We introduce a recently developed trial that combines FTIR spectra with contact‐angle data as the link between chemical composition of OM and the physical wetting behavior of soil particles. In addition to characterizing the wetting properties of OM coatings, we discuss the implications of water‐repellent surfaces for different physical protection mechanisms of OM. For typical minerals, the OM loading on mineral surfaces is patchy, whereas OM forms nanoscaled micro‐aggregates together with metal oxides and hydroxides and with layered clay minerals. Such small aggregates may efficiently stabilize OM against microbial decomposition. However, despite the patchy structure of OM coating, we observed a relation between the chemical composition of OM and wettability. A higher hydrophobicity of the OM appears to stabilize the organic C in soil, either caused by a specific reduced biodegradability of OM or indirectly caused by increased aggregate stability. In partly saturated nonaggregated soil, the specific distribution of the pore water appears to further affect the mineralization of OM as a function of wettability. We conclude that the wettability of OM, quantified by the contact angle, links the chemical structure of OM with a bundle of physical soil properties and that reduced wettability results in the stabilization of OM in soils.     

鸡粪好氧发酵氮转化与相应细菌数量变化规律的研究

为明确鸡粪好氧发酵过程各类氮转化细菌变化及其与氮素转化间的关系,本研究全程测定了氨化、异养亚硝化、异养硝化和好氧反硝化4类细菌数量、有机态氮、氨态氮、硝态氮等含量变化。结果证明,该过程各类氮转化细菌以中温菌居多,最适生长温度35℃。其中,升温段35℃之后,菌数随温度上升而下降;降温段35℃之前,菌数随温度下降而上升。研究的各类氮转化细菌中,氨化细菌最耐热,是高温期发挥作用的主要类群。发酵全程各类氮转化菌数与相应氮素转化量的关系为:升温段,氨化细菌、亚硝化和硝化菌数增加时,氨态氮和硝态氮的增幅较快;此3类菌数降低时,氨态氮和硝态氮的增幅较缓;降温段,氨化细菌数量与氨态氮含量变化之间无相关表现;发酵全程硝态氮含量变化与亚硝化、硝化细菌数量变化呈正偏相关,与反硝化细菌数量变化呈负偏相关。     

微域尺度苏打碱土的特征与植被的分布规律

探讨了微域尺度(32 m长的横剖面)苏打碱土的特征以及植被分布规律.结果表明,沿洼地向高平地土壤表现为盐化草甸土-浅位柱状苏打碱土-白盖苏打碱土-中位柱状苏打碱土的分布格局.植被为圆叶碱毛茛/蔚蓄蓼群落、鹅绒委陵菜群落、羊草/寸草苔群落、裸地以及羊草/星星草/虎尾草群落,其中委陵菜/篇蓄蓼群落、羊草/苔草群落沿洼地呈环状分布,裸地以及碱茅/虎尾草/羊草群落呈斑状分布.洼地边缘的植被具有最高的物种丰富度和覆盖度,生物量也最高;高平地的植被矮小,生物量较少.裸地的盐分含量较高(可达3.38%),土体紧实,限制了植被生长.     

应用ORYZA2000模型制定北京地区旱稻优化灌溉制度

通过优化灌溉提高水分利用效率,使有限的水资源发挥最大的效益,是推行节水农业的一个重要方面.在模型验证的基础上,利用ORYZA2000模型和多年气象资料,分析了北京地区不同降水年型条件下早稻产量和水分利用效率与灌溉定额之间的关系,在此基础上制定不同降水年型和产量水平的北京地区旱稻优化灌溉制度.结果表明:当灌溉定额达到一定水平后,最高产量趋于不变.干旱和平水年型条件下旱稻均有较大的增产潜力,灌溉定额为300～500 mm可增产约3000 kg/hm2;丰水年型灌溉定额为250 mm时可增产1000 kg/hm2.70%、80%和90%产量潜力3个产量水平的最优灌溉制度分别需要保持根层土壤相对含水率在67%、73%和83%左右,灌水定额不宜过高,以50～60 mm为宜.灌溉次数和灌溉定额随产量水平的提高而增加,并取决于实际的降水情况:干旱年型3个产量水平的灌溉次数为3～8次;平水年型为2～5次;丰水年型为1～5次.水分利用效率变化范围为0.92～1.28 g/kg,受各年型降水量影响灌溉水水分利用效率变化在1.61～7.76 g/kg之间,丰水年型的灌溉水水分利用效率高于平水年型和干旱年型.80%产量潜力水平时的水分利用效率最高,不同年型灌溉定额在98～239 mm之间,灌溉次数为2～5次.     

农村有机生活垃圾和秸秆快速好氧发酵技术参数研究

近年来,中国农村有机生活垃圾和农作物秸秆废弃资源引发的环境问题日益严重,在现有农业废弃物资源化利用技术中,好氧发酵堆肥技术由于运行成本低、操作简便成为农村有机生活垃圾和秸秆的首选处理技术.该文通过正交试验方法分析通风量、含水率和碳氮比3因素对快速好氧发酵效果的影响.结果表明:通风量是首要影响因素,其次是含水率和碳氮比;适宜的通风量参数为0.148～0.173 m3/d,含水率为60%,C/N为25:1.本研究将为开展北方寒冷地区冬季好氧发酵设施增温保温技术研究提供理论依据.     

复合菌剂及酸化剂对玉米秸秆青贮有氧暴露后的影响

为探讨复合菌剂和酸化剂对玉米秸秆青贮有氧稳定性及有氧暴露期间微生物数量、pH值、粗蛋白、干物质量的影响,以玉米秸秆为青贮原料,设置3个处理:对照组、复合菌剂组、复合菌剂+酸化剂组。青贮90 d。有氧暴露1、3、7、11 d分别取样测定微生物数量、pH值、粗蛋白、干物质量。结果显示,与对照组相比,复合菌剂组、复合菌剂+酸化剂组均能提高青贮品质,显著减少有氧暴露期间粗蛋白、干物质损失(P<0.05)。与复合菌剂组相比,复合菌剂+酸化剂组有效抑制酵母菌繁殖,显著提升青贮有氧稳定性(P<0.05)。     

Effect of marinade containing thyme and orange oils on broiler breast fillet and whole wing aerobic bacteria during refrigerated storage

Raw meat typically hosts spoilage organisms and sometimes hosts pathogens; to combat this, natural antimicrobial interventions have gained interest among consumers. In a previous study a marinade containing a thyme-orange essential oils combination (TOC) at the 0.5% level was found to inhibit Salmonella and Campylobacter species. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effect of a salt-phosphate marinade solution with 0.5% TOC (treatment) or without TOC (control) applied by vacuum tumbling on the shelf life of broiler breast fillets and whole wings. The total aerobic and facultative mesophiles (TAM) occurring naturally on these products during refrigerated storage for 14 d (at 1, 7, 10, and 14 d) were enumerated. A total of 48 (24 for each trial) skinless breast fillets and 48 (24 for each trial) whole wings were used for the 2 trials. For each trial, 12 of the 24 breast fillets or wings were marinated using the control marinade solution and the remaining 12 were marinated in the treatment marinade solution. On d 1, 7, 10, and 14, 3 treatment and 3 control breast fillets and wings were randomly selected for TAM enumeration. Sample rinsates were plated in duplicate and incubated at 35°C for 48 h. Thyme-orange combination marinade significantly reduced TAM numbers on d 1, 7, and 10 compared with the controls. Log reductions of 0.3, 0.9, and 1.1 were recorded on d 1, 7, and 10, respectively. The difference in TAM between the treated and untreated whole wings was not significant. Therefore, 0.5% TOC in marinade can be used as a natural antimicrobial to reduce TAM on skinless breast fillets; however, a higher concentration may be required for skin-on products.