Genetic structuring and diversity patterns along rivers – local invasion history of Ambrosia artemisiifolia (Asteraceae) along the Danube River in Vienna (Austria) shows non‐linear pattern

Ambrosia artemisiifolia is an annual weed from North America that nowadays is invasive in many countries worldwide. In Austria, numerous populations of A. artemisiifolia are located along the Danube River, especially along the ‘New Danube’ (Vienna). This area is characterised by ruderal and riparian sites, which are regularly flooded. To better understand the spread of A. artemisiifolia and its colonising behaviour along the Danube River, we analysed genetic structure and diversity based on 23 populations linearly arranged along the Viennese Danube riverbed and upstream, utilising the Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprint method. We generated 284 polymorphic AFLP markers across 446 A. artemisiifolia plants. The genetic diversity within populations was higher (HW = 0.091) than among populations (HB = 0.007). This result indicates A. artemisiifolia introductions from similar mixtures of sources or spread from a single already mixed introduction. Within our local setting, we were unable to identify neither source or sink populations nor an obvious linear genetic structuring. Genetic among‐population differentiation was low to moderate (amova ‐derived F_ST = 0.124). Lack of geographical structuring is indicative of highly dynamic gene flow, which is further supported by the absence of an isolation‐by‐distance pattern. Multiple introductions and non‐directional gene flow are most likely promoted by anthropogenic disturbance and human‐mediated dispersal. Our results demonstrate the ability and speed of A. artemisiifolia to settle in newly disturbed areas and the difficulties to predict invasion directions, as downstream river dispersal was negligible.     

应用自动测量系统研究流量对土壤入渗性能测定的影响

土壤入渗对水文过程研究与农林业生产等具有十分重要的意义。将土壤入渗性能自动测量系统应用于室内试验,研究不同供水流量对土壤人渗性能测定结果的影响,以检验测量方法和系统及其对流量的反应。试验包括3个流量（0．75、1．02、1．92L／h）,每个流量设置3次重复。测量系统在计算机控制下,自动获取地表湿润面积随时间的变化（增大）过程,然后分别应用数值算法和近似算法计算土壤入渗性能。结果表明：测量系统使用方便,计算过程简便;供水流量对土壤入渗性能的测量结果影响不显著,不同流量的测量结果均可以准确表达土壤人渗的全过程。试验测量结果为该方法应用的流量范围提供了参考,同时为进一步理解土壤人渗过程提供了工具。     

豫西山区日本落叶松人工林气候因子的多变量分析

利用４０余块日本落叶松标准地和解析木材料，结合豫西山地气候资料，采用多变量分析方法，获得了影响日本落叶松生长的主要气候因子是：春季（４～５月）平均气温和夏季（６～７月）降水量。在豫西地区日本落叶松生长期为４～９月，此期树高生长期略大于胸径生长期，６～７月生长最迅速。分析表明，豫西山地气候条件相似于日本原产地，加之土肥沃经营得当，其生长量超过了日本原产地。     

现代汽车电控巡航系统控制原理浅谈

介绍了巡航电控技术的作用、特点、类型、控制原理,其中着重介绍巡航电控系统两种执行器的控制原理.     

机动车侧倾稳定性试验台的研究设计

机动车侧倾稳定性试验台是测试机动车在规定坡度上抗侧翻能力的专用设备.根据试验台为达到实际应用目的所应具有的功能,分析试验台的设计工作原理,指出试验台总体结构主要包括机械平台、液压系统、测量控制系统、安全防护装置、临界角度控制系统、限位防护系统等,分别阐述了总体结构设计、机械平台设计、液压系统设计、测控系统设计、安全防护装置设计等设计要点,明确试验台设计时因遵循可靠性、安全性、操作方便性设计原则.通过测控精度对试验台设计制造成本的影响,给出了试验台设计时可供参考的测控精度值.     

复杂防洪系统大规模LP模型扒口分洪运用方式分阶段算法研究

从水库、分蓄洪区及河道调蓄洪的基本原理出发,建立了一个复杂防洪系统的大规模线性规划（ＬＰ）模型。针对隐含着０～１要素、难以拟线性化的扒口分洪问题,提出了判断扒口分洪界点及其相应的分阶段算法的处理方法。实例验算表明,该分阶段算法是可行的。     

出生前山羊颈段脊髓运动神经元的发育

应用HE染色和超薄切片技术研究第6周到出生前山羊脊髓腹角运动神经元胞体的发育变化。结果表明：1．出生前山羊脊髓腹角运动神经细胞发育包括未分化期、不成熟期、发育成熟期和成熟期4个阶段。2．发育过程中，山羊脊髓运动神经元细胞核的体积持续增长；常染色质增加，异染色质减少且趋边分布；核仁数量减少，中央核仁在第8周形成，以后逐渐发育成熟；核膜渐趋成熟。3．山羊脊髓运动神经元胞体内膜系统的发育变化的规律与神经元的发育阶段相适应。     

影响平阳地区蒸发量的主要气象因素分析

选取浙江省平阳县气象观测站2010年全年气象观测资料,采用通径分析方法和多元线性回归理论,对平阳县气象站20 cm小型蒸发皿蒸发量及其相关气象影响因子进行分析。结果表明:日蒸发量与日均气温、日均风速和日照时数呈正相关,与日均相对湿度呈负相关。影响日蒸发量的因子中,日照时数无论其单独作用或与除日均风速外的其他气象因子的协同作用都较大;日均气温85%以上主要表现在直接作用上;日均相对湿度与日照时数的协同作用最大;日均风速影响小主要体现在与其他要素的协同作用上。根据影响蒸发量的主要因素,建立相应的多元回归模型,并检验有一定的可靠性。     

AX=b在逆M-阵类中的反问题

将线性方程组 Ａ Ｘ＝ ｂ 分为５ 种情况（ Ｘ＞ ０、 Ｘ≥０、 Ｘ＜ ０、 Ｘ≤０、 Ｘ 为一般情况），通过构造矩阵的方法，讨论了该线性方程组的反问题在逆 Ｍ－ 阵类中有解的条件．在一般情况下，当给定的实向量 Ｘ 与ｂ 中相应的分量同号时，则线性方程组 Ａ Ｘ＝ ｂ 在逆 Ｍ － 阵类中的反问题有解．     

An Adjustable Nutrient Margin of Safety Comparison Using Linear and Stochastic Programming in an Excel Spreadsheet

A stochastic-linear program Excel workbook was developed that consisted of 2 worksheets illustrating linear and stochastic program approaches. Both approaches used the Excel Solver add-in. A published linear program problem served as an example for the ingredients, nutrients, and costs and as a benchmark in the development of the linear and stochastic programs. Standard deviations for ME and nutrients were taken or calculated from CV, and from a commercial publication of sources for amino acids. The Excel spreadsheet was set up so that the calculated margin of safety (MOS) value, according to the requested probability, was the same for both the linear and stochastic programs. As an example, the probability for meeting the nutrient value for protein was compared at 50% (MOS = 0) and 69% (MOS = 0.5) by using both linear and stochastic programming. Spreadsheet results illustrated the flexibility, accuracy, and precision of the stochastic program over the linear program in meeting the requested nutrient probability.