凸轮摆杆式生菜株间除草装置设计与试验

针对目前温室生菜株间自动化除草装置缺乏问题,该研究设计了基于凸轮摆杆机构的轻量化电动株间除草装置,采用机器视觉对生菜苗进行识别定位,运动控制系统根据车速和保护半径区域实时计算凸轮各工作段转速,控制一对除草铲摆动避苗除草。以除草装置前进速度、推程段凸轮转速、除草铲入土深度作为试验因素,以伤苗率、除草率和株间除草单体避苗功耗为试验指标,采用响应面分析法,进行三因素三水平田间试验,分析各因素相互作用对作业性能指标的影响。试验结果表明,除草铲入土深度对除草率影响最显著（P＜0.01）,前进速度对伤苗率影响最显著（P＜0.01）,推程段凸轮转速和除草铲入土深度对株间除草单体避苗功耗影响最显著（P＜0.01）。在最优组合为前进速度0.56 m/s,推程段凸轮转速242 r/min,除草铲入土深度12.8 mm时,实际作业除草率为93.22%,伤苗率2.87%,单体避苗平均功耗 55.2 W,各项性能指标基本满足温室散叶生菜株间低伤苗除草作业需求。     

用灰色局势决策法防除抛秧稻田杂草的研究

采用灰色局势决策方法 ,对江西省吉安市 2 0 0 1年早稻抛秧稻田化学除草的试验结果进行了分析 ,提出了施用抛秧宁 ( 2 5%苄·丁粉 )、抛栽田丰 ( 3 5%苄·丁可湿粉剂 )等 4种杂草优化管理方案 ,并在 2 0 0 1年二晚和 2 0 0 2年早稻抛秧稻田推广应用 ,取得了显著的经济效益。     

芽后型除草剂防除大花萱草田杂草试验

大花萱草(H em eroca llis hybrid a)移栽定植后,用不同浓度稀禾定、吡氟禾草灵进行了茎叶喷雾防除大花萱草田杂草试验,结果表明,稀禾定和吡氟禾草灵能有效防除禾本科杂草,对成株阔叶杂草防除效果很差;药后45 d,1 200~1 800 mL/hm212.5%稀禾定、1 050~1 575 mL/hm215%吡氟禾草灵对禾本科杂草的防除效果均较好,对大花萱草植株安全无害。     

智能田间除草机器人发展现状研究

智能田间除草机器人是当代农业发展现代化、精细化、智能化的重要体现,对国家社会发展、环境保护等方面有着重要意义。为明确智能除草机器人关键技术与装备当前研究现状,从除草方式、苗草识别定位和智能导航方式等方面,总结梳理典型除草机器人的研究现状及作业方式;综述智能导航、苗草识别、除草执行系统关键技术的重要意义及研究进展;结合除草机器人具有作业环境复杂多变性、作业对象娇嫩性、使用对象特殊性、作业季节性的研究特点,指出当前关键技术的现存问题并阐释组合导航技术、复杂田间环境图像处理技术及杂草分类、株间除草末端执行机构研发及机械结构优化是未来发展趋势。     

Impact of tillage and intra-row spacing on cotton yield and quality in wheat–cotton system

Farmers normally practice conventional tillage ((CT), disk plowing, cultivator, rotavator, and leveling) in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) with 15 cm intra-row spacing to avoid risks of poor plant stand and obtain higher yield. However, CT is costly besides it has adverse effects on soil and crop when sown after wheat. Conservation tillage [zero tillage (ZT) or reduced tillage (RT)] with suitable spacing can reduce production cost, increase cotton yield and quality, and it has favorable effects on soil properties. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate cotton response to tillage (ZT, RT, and CT) and intra-row spacing (15.0, 22.5, 30.0, 37.5 cm). Results revealed that RT produced higher bolls plant^?1, boll weight, seed cotton yield, ginning out turn, fiber length and strength than ZT and CT. Mean boll weight, seed cotton yield, earliness, and fiber qualities were optimum at 22.5 cm spacing. Tillage × spacing interaction showed optimum boll weight, earliness, and fiber strength with 15.0–22.5 cm spacing under RT. CT with 22.5 cm spacing also performed better in terms of boll weight and fiber strength; however, 15.0 cm spacing resulted in earlier maturity. RT with 22.5 cm spacing is an alternative to CT for higher yield, earliness, and quality of cotton besides environmental safety.     

Determining treatment frequency for controlling weeds on traffic islands using chemical and non‐chemical weed control

Many public authorities rely on the use of non‐chemical weed control methods, due to stringent restrictions on herbicide use in urban areas. However, these methods usually require more repeated treatments than chemical weed management, resulting in increased costs of weed management. In order to investigate the efficacy of four non‐chemical weed control methods and glyphosate treatment, experiments were carried out on traffic islands in the growing seasons 2005 and 2006. Three trial sites were each divided into six treatment areas, which were either treated with glyphosate, flame, steam, hot air/flame, hot water or left untreated. The treatments were carried out at regular, predetermined intervals throughout the growing season in 2004, whereas in 2005 and 2006 how many treatments that were required to keep weed cover below a predetermined acceptance level of 2% were investigated. Percentage weed cover was measured every second week using a 75 cm × 75 cm quadrat divided into 100 squares. On the control areas, a rapid increase in weed cover was observed, whereas weed cover could be kept below 2% by 2–7 treatments per year, depending on control method. On average, the following numbers of treatments per year were required: glyphosate 2.5, hot water 3, flames 5, hot air/flames 5.5 and steam 5.5 treatments. The results demonstrate that the weed control should be adjusted to the prescribed quality for the traffic islands by regularly assessing the need for weed control. They also show that tailored treatments can reduce the number of required non‐chemical treatments per year.     

Long-Term Effects of Wheat Production Management Practices on Exchangeable Base Cations and Cation Exchange Capacity of a Plinthosol in Semi-arid South Africa

Changes in soil fertility indicators are mainly the result of management practices and usually influence crop yields over the long term. This study shows the effects of long-term wheat production management practices on exchangeable base cations and cation exchange capacity (CEC). Applied field treatments included two methods of straw management (unburned, burned), three methods of tillage (no tillage, stubble mulch, plowing), and two methods of weeding (chemical, mechanical). Samples were collected at six soil depths and analyzed for potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), and CEC. Burned wheat straw resulted in greater K and lower Ca concentrations compared to unburned wheat straw. No-tillage treatment increased K, Ca, Mg, Na, and CEC compared to both stubble mulch and plowing. Chemical weeding improved Na and CEC compared to mechanical weeding. The treatment combinations had positive influences mainly on CEC. Unburned straw and moldboard plowing with respect to burned straw and no tillage enhanced grain yield with 8%.     

基于爪齿余摆运动的株间机械除草装置研制与试验

为了实现作物株间区域精确机械除草,设计了一种利用除草爪齿余摆运动原理的株间机械除草装置,研究了装置的除草和避苗工作原理,建立了相应数学模型并分析了除草爪齿余摆运动的参数对除草效果的影响,获得了合理的工作参数。在试验平台上进行了基于爪齿余摆运动的株间机械除草装置避苗试验研究,试验结果表明,基于爪齿余摆运动的株间机械除草装置除草爪齿避苗和除草切换控制快速可靠,室内试验的伤苗率小于8%;能够满足株距20cm及以上栽种的作物株间除草要求,可以保证每个株间区域均有除草爪齿进入实施除草;除草装置的前进速度不影响进入株间区域的除草爪齿数量,但前进速度的增加会导致伤苗率增大;进入株间区域的除草爪齿数量与作物栽种株距均匀性无关,仅与作物栽种的株距有关。该文为爪齿余摆株间除草装置精准控制提供依据。     

3WXG-300型喷杆式喷雾机玉米苗后化学除草试验

为引进优质、高效的喷杆式喷雾机,对3WXG-300型喷杆式喷雾机与农民自制喷杆式喷雾机在喷液量及玉米苗后化学除草效果方面进行对比试验。结果表明：3WXG-300型喷杆式喷雾机苗后化学除草比农民自制喷杆式喷雾机节水51.0%,作业效率提高18.7%,防效略好。并针对其在生产实践中存在的一些问题提出相应的改进建议,以便经过...     

Site-specific weed control technologies

Site-specific weed control technologies are defined as machinery or equipment embedded with technologies that detect weeds growing in a crop and, taking into account predefined factors such as economics, take action to maximise the chances of successfully controlling them. In this study, we describe the basic parts of site-specific weed control technologies, comprising weed sensing systems, weed management models and precision weed control implements. A review of state-of-the-art technologies shows that several weed sensing systems and precision implements have been developed over the last two decades, although barriers prevent their breakthrough. Most important among these is the lack of a truly robust weed recognition method, owing to mutual shading among plants and limitations in the capacity of highly accurate spraying and weeding apparatus. Another barrier is the lack of knowledge about the economic and environmental potential for increasing the resolution of weed control. The integration of site-specific information on weed distribution, weed species composition and density and the effect on crop yield, is decisive for successful site-specific weed management.