Effects of cultural methods and physical weed control on intrarow weed numbers, manual weeding and marketable yield in direct-sown leek and bulb onion

Manual weeding of intrarow weeds in direct-sown leek and bulb onion crops grown organically can be very labour-intensive. Four field experiments, two in direct-sown leek and two in direct-sown bulb onion were made in this investigation to study the effects of physical and cultural methods on intrarow weed numbers, time consumption for hand-weeding and marketable yield parameters. The physical methods considered were: pre-emergence flaming and harrowing, and post-emergence hoeing close to the row (only leek) and vertical brush weeding. The cultural methods were: seed priming, slurry placement and cultivar choice (only leek). Generally, flaming plus brush weeding gave the highest intrarow weed control at 92% and 87%, respectively, in the two leek experiments and 39% (only brush weeding was effective) and 74%, respectively, in the two onion experiments. Time consumption for hand-weeding after the different treatments was linearly related to the remaining numbers of intrarow weeds, with no significant influences of the experimental factors on the general relationship. Generally, the cultural methods had no significant influence on the effects of physical weeding in terms of their effect against intrarow weeds. They did not affect the tolerance or robustness of the crop plants against negative impact from the physical control methods. However, generally, seed priming and cultivar choice did improve yield in the leek experiments and seed priming also did so in the one experiment with onion.     

深圳碧海湾高尔夫球场草坪春季杂草及防除策略研究

对深圳碧海湾高尔夫球场草坪进行调查,发现春季草坪杂草有95种,分属26科80属。阔叶杂草有75种,占杂草总数的78.95%;半日子叶杂草20种,占杂草总数的21.05%。对球道和长草区或边坡的杂草发生特点分别进行分析。针对杂草的发生来源和特点,提出了草坪杂草的防除策略。     

化学除草技术在桉树幼林抚育中的应用

简述和分析了化学除草技术在桉树幼林抚育中的技术措施、效果和效益。该项技术不但能取得理想的除草效果,而且有效地节省了抚育费用,可在桉树幼林抚育中推广应用。     

森泰除草剂防除香椿幼林地杂草的试验研究

使用25%森泰水剂和5%森泰颗粒剂防除香椿幼林地的杂草研究试验结果表明:25%森泰水剂和5%森泰颗粒剂均能够有效防除香椿幼林地的五节芒、苦竹、刚竹、芒萁骨等多年生恶性杂草,防除效果均可达93%以上。使用25%森泰水剂除草比人工除草可减少用工56 1%～92 2%,降低除草成本36 1%～61%。同时,可根据幼林地杂草的种类、高度、盖度和水源等因素选择合适的森泰除草剂的剂型和剂量组合,以达到理想的防除杂草效果。     

化学除草剂在绿化苗木培育中的应用

应用10％草甘膦水剂、30％飞达可溶性粉剂、20％克无踪水剂3种化学除草剂在优质绿化苗木培育中进行对比试验，试验效果均较显著，其中30％飞达可溶性粉剂使用方便，成本较低，效果最好，可大面积推广。     

Effects of mechanical and chemical methods on weed control,weed seed rain and crop yield in maize,sunflower and soyabean

Eight field experiments with maize (Zea mays L.), sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and soyabean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) were carried out in central Italy in order to evaluate the effects of mechanical and chemical methods (spring-tine harrowing, hoeing, hoeing-ridging, split-hoeing, finger-weeding, herbicides in the row + inter-row hoeing, herbicides broadcast) on weed control, weed seed rain and crop yield. The choice of chemical and mechanical treatments in maize and soyabean compared to sunflower, required to be managed more carefully in order to maximize the weed control reducing yield losses. A global rating of weed control methods, based on their weed control efficacy, was obtained as useful means to assist farmers and technicians to choose the more appropriate weed control method. The combination of herbicides intra-row and hoeing inter-row gave best efficacy (on average 99% of weed control), with a 50% reduction in the chemical load in the environment. Hoeing-ridging gave good results, both inter- and intra-row (on average 93% of weed control); this method was also effective in reducing competitive ability and seed production of uncontrolled weeds. Split-hoeing or finger-weeding showed some limitations giving satisfactory results only when combined. Harrowing gave lowest weed control, although when combined to other mechanical methods, can help achieve a better efficacy.     

气动式水稻株间机械除草装置研制

目的 针对水稻株间机械除草自动化程度低、难度大的问题,在机器视觉识别定位技术研究的基础上,研制一种气动式水稻株间机械除草装置。方法 采用机械设计理论、离散元动力学仿真方法结合田间试验,研制出气动式水稻株间机械除草装置。首先对气动式株间除草机构的结构进行设计,运用运动学方程计算并确定机构的几何参数,通过Pro/E运动学仿真验证机构的可行性;然后对除草刀齿与水田土壤的相互作用过程进行仿真,并对仿真结果进行验证试验;最后进行田间试验验证整机工作性能,并利用三因素五水平二次旋转正交试验对影响除草率与伤苗率的工作参数进行分析。结果 气动式水稻株间除草机构连杆长35.00 mm,摆杆长72.24 mm,除草部件到回转中心水平距离为84 mm,垂直距离为191 mm。离散元动力学仿真分析表明,倾角为10°的弯齿刀除草刀齿与土壤的接触阻力较小,阻力平均值为3.12 N,且对土壤的扰动程度较大,受影响的面积达149.69 cm²。田间试验中,在机具前进速度0.25 m/s、气缸伸缩速度0.45 m/s和除草深度2.5 cm的工作参数下,平均除草率为83.91%、伤苗率为3.63%。结论 该机具满足除草率大于80%、伤苗率小于4%的设计要求,能够满足水稻株间避苗除草的作业要求。     

我国农田化学除草现状及综合防治的研究

化学除草剂是用于毒杀和消灭农田杂草,或非耕地里生长的绿色植物,并对人畜没有安全危害的一类农药。我国农田杂草种类繁多,随着受草害面积的不断增加,化学除草在我国迅速发展。但是,化学除草在使用中存在许多问题,为此论述农田杂草防治应采取的措施。     

智能苗间锄草平台设计

机械除草一直被视为有机农业生产中重要的组成部分,尤其是近年来,人们对除草剂使环境恶化的担忧和对有机食品需求的增加,机械式除草装置备受关注。深松双翼锄草铲只适用于行间除草,苗间杂草为人工铲锄。由于机械式苗间锄草在行进方向有作物植株阻隔,易损伤秧苗,所以机械式苗间锄草相对行间锄草困难。为此,对智能苗间锄草平台进行了设计,对其原理进行了阐述。智能苗间锄草平台可以解决机械式苗间锄草的难题,自行计算植株位置,控制锄草铲躲避苗株并铲除杂草。     

桑苗圃和桑园的化学除草

用氟乐灵和精稳杀得或高效盖草能进行桑苗圃除草，用草甘磷和乙草胺混合进行桑园除草，可有效地防除杂草。