U形渠道圆头量水柱测流影响因素试验及模拟

为研究U形渠道圆头量水柱的测流规律及影响因素,基于绕流理论和RNG k-?湍流模型,对18种体型圆头量水柱5种工况下的水力性能进行全流场数值计算,获得了时均流场、断面流速分布及柱后水流流态,并与实测值进行对比。同时,通过模型试验与数值仿真研究了V形尾翼对测流的影响。结果表明：水力参数的实测值与模拟值具有较好的一致性,渠道底坡为1/1 000,流量为45.01 L/s,收缩比及长宽比分别为0.50和2时,驻点处横断面最大流速模拟值与实测值相对误差为1.51%,水深15 cm位置剖面最大流速模拟值与实测值相对误差为0.45%。适宜长宽比的V形尾翼可以有效改善过槽水流：当收缩比为0.50～0.75时,建议长宽比为3/2～2;当收缩比＜0.50时,长宽比应相应增大,但不宜＞5/2。通过回归分析得到的圆头量水柱流量计算公式,在收缩比为0.63时最大测流误差为4.95%,平均误差仅为0.10%,该研究为圆头量水柱在中国北方灌区末级渠系的进一步应用提供参考。     

高压静电场结合冰温气调保鲜技术对罗非鱼鱼片品质的影响

文章研究了高压静电场结合冰温气调保鲜技术对罗非鱼鱼片的保鲜效果,通过罗非鱼片贮藏过程中肉汁渗出率、菌落总数、感官品质、色差值、总挥发性盐基氮（TVB-N）、脂质氧化（TBA）、p H等指标的变化情况,分析比较3.8 kV、1.8 kV、0 V高压静电下罗非鱼肉品质指标的变化。结果表明,高压静电场能够显著改善鱼肉的品质,贮藏至第30天,样品无异味,感官品质良好,可显著抑制肉汁渗出;可有效抑制微生物的生长和挥发性盐基氮的增加,在一定程度上抑制了鱼肉内脂肪氧化,具有较好的保鲜效果。总体上3.8 kV高压静电对鱼肉的保鲜效果优于1.8 kV高压静电,可延长肉片的保质期至30 d。 

     

生物柴油冷滤点与其化学组成的定量关系

生物柴油的低温流动性主要取决于化学组成。为了量化表征生物柴油组成与其冷滤点的关系,采用气相色谱-质谱与冷滤点分析技术和多元线性回归分析方法,分析了生物柴油的脂肪酸甲酯组成和冷滤点,研究了脂肪酸甲酯组成对冷滤点的影响规律。研究表明：生物柴油主要由14～24个偶数碳原子组成的长链脂肪酸甲酯组成,其中饱和脂肪酸甲酯主要为C14:0～C24:0,不饱和脂肪酸甲酯主要为C16:1～C22:1、C18:2～C20:2和C18:3。120种生物柴油油样中,乌桕梓油生物柴油的冷滤点最低,为-14℃,花生油生物柴油的冷滤点最高,为13℃。生物柴油的脂肪酸甲酯的含量与分布不同,冷滤点差异较大。冷滤点随饱和脂肪酸甲酯含量的增加呈线性升高,且碳链长的较短的增加显著;随不饱和脂肪酸甲酯含量的增加而呈线性降低,且不饱和度高的较低的降低略明显。建立了线性相关性非常显著（R=0.971）的基于组成的冷滤点预测模型。研究结果为不同环境下生物柴油的推广应用提供参考。     

换热器节能技术综述

混合板式换热器作为余热利用系统中高效节能设备,其换热性能对系统效率及稳定性有重要影响。该研究基于RNG k-ɛ湍流模型,对M型和H型板式换热器流道内流动及传热过程展开数值模拟,研究板片结构对板间触点分布的影响,及雷诺数Re和板片组合对横向流道内流动及换热特性的影响规律。结果表明：M型板间触点呈“方格”, H型呈“菱形”,且H型流流体速度较大、温度场分布较均匀。随Re数增大,压降△P及平均努塞尔数$ \\overline {Nu} $均增大;Re数较低时,H型的$ \\overline {Nu} $明显提高,且△P增幅较小;而高Re数（Re=6 000）时,与M型相比,H型的$ \\overline {Nu} $增幅仅为△P的25%左右。随波纹间距s减小,触点数明显增多,△P和$ \\overline {Nu} $均增大;s为12～16 mm较合适。研究结果为混合板式换热器的设计及优化提供理论依据。

     

74.7%农民乐防除休闲耕地杂草试验研究

采用农民乐防除休闲地杂草,结果表明,74.7%农民乐对苣荬菜的防除适宜剂量为1 500g.hm-2;对野胡萝卜为750—1 050g.hm-2;赖草、硬枝早熟禾为2 250g.hm-2;对西伯利亚蓼、三脉紫菀、茵陈蒿为3 000g.hm-2。     

Preliminary Research on Regional Material Flow Analysis： A Case Study of Chengyang District in Qingdao

The method ＂Material Flow Analysis （MFA）＂ is one of the effective tools to study law and quantification of material flow between economic system and ecological system. On the national level, economy-wide material flow analysis has been published for a number of countries. However, published studies on the regional or local level are still very limited and a standardized method does not exist yet. On the basis of framework of Material Flow Analysis proposed by Eurostat, the paper collected related data and analyzed material input and output for the Chengyang district in Qingdao. The results showed that DMI （Direct Material Input） and TMR （Total Material Requirement） in absolute number increased about 3.6 and 3.9 times, respectively from 1995 to 2004. Fossil fuel and mineral contributed to about 50.3%-76.3% of DMI. Imports of material increased about 5.0 times and became the most important Contributor to DMI, which showed that local economic growth was highly dependent on resources from other regions and countries. DPO （Domestic Processed Output） and TDO （Total Domestic Output） represent slow increasing trend, and DPO contributed to 22.2%-58.1% of TDO, suggesting local hidden flows were of obvious effect on TDO. The biggest component of DPO is CO2, approximately accounting for 90% of DPO. The material productivity increased 57.7% in last decade, reflecting improvement of efficiency of resources utilization in some extent. However, compared to developed countries and regions, material productivity of Chengyang district was relatively low. Therefore, in order to promote the sustainability, it is essential to develop circular economy and enhance materials productivity.     

Risk Assessment and Biosafety Studies of Transgenic Bt Rice （Oryza sativa L.）

Transgenic crops having alien genes from different sources are getting popularity. A Rice （Oryza sativa L.） containing gene from Bacillus thuringiensis, a soil bacterium, was assessed to study the potential risks of transgenic plants on environment. The crop was found resistant to target insect pests. Rice variety Basmati-370 transformed with two insecticidal genes, crylAc and cry2A, was grown under field conditions for several years. Data were collected at different stages of the plant growth. Fate of Cry protein in soil, effect of Bt protein on non-target insects, risks of vertical and horizontal gene flow were evaluated. No potential hazard was found at all levels. Bt protein was unstable and degraded significantly in soil within 30 days after harvesting the crop. No harmful effects were found on non-target insects （insects other than order lepidoptera）. Maximum gene flow of 0.02% was observed at close spacing and no evidence of horizontal gene transfer to Rhizobium spp. was found. In conclusion, the transgenic rice plants transformed with Bt genes have no harmful effects on the environment.     

苹果树水分指标日变化及水分利用效率的研究

本试验实地测量分析了美国8号苹果树水分指标的日变化。结果表明：茎干和叶片的水势早晨较大,中午前后较小,茎水势变化显著滞后于叶水势的变化;茎流量日变化呈“单峰”曲线,最高值出现在午后;蒸腾速率日变化为“双峰”曲线,有明显的“午休”现象;水分利用效率在一天中呈下降趋势,上午下降幅度较大,下午较小;茎流量与水势、蒸腾速率与温度、水分利用效率与光强等不同生理生态指标之间均存在极显著的相关性。     

试验温室番茄营养液深液流栽培与研究

[目的]为营养液深液流技术在设施番茄高产优质栽培中的应用提供参考。[方法]以营养液深液流栽培为栽培方式,荷兰“百利”番茄为研究对象,通过温室无土栽培试验确定了适用于该栽培方式的营养液配方。[结果]适宜的营养液温度为22～32℃。营养生长期的适宜营养液浓度为1500～2500μS／cm,结果期的适宜营养液浓度为3000～4000μS／cm。2008年7月12日,对大栽培池中的番茄植株进行了第1次采摘,成熟果32个,挂果12个,成熟果单果重约130g,平均直径约65mm,最大直径约80mm。到2008年10月1日,大栽培池番茄植株累计采摘成熟果162个,挂果43个;其冠层面积约10m2,根茎直径为26．68mm,番茄长势良好。[结论]该试验为各种蔬菜、瓜果的无土栽培提供了新的技术支持。     

舟山盐田环境嗜盐菌和耐盐菌数量分布调查

2006～2007 年冬春夏3季在舟山定海、朱家尖、岱山盐场盐田中取卤水和底泥样品,对嗜盐菌和耐盐菌的分布状况进行调查。以NaCl为限制性生长因子,主要采用高盐、中盐及低盐3种平板,对样品中的嗜盐菌进行初步鉴定和培养计数研究。结果表明,盐田中的嗜盐菌类群在菌落、个体特征以及数量分布上有所不同,并且底泥中的菌量比卤水中高 1～2个数量级。