Environmental performances of giant reed (Arundo donax L.) cultivated in fertile and marginal lands: A case study in the Mediterranean

Perennial rhizomatous grasses (PRGs) tend to have a high yield combined with a low environmental impact. Cultivation in marginal or poorly cultivated land is recommended in order not to compromise food security and to overcome land use controversies. However, the environmental impacts of using different types of soil are still unclear. We thus assessed the environmental impact of two giant reed (GR) systems cultivated in a fertile soil (FS) and in a marginal soil (MS) through a cradle-to-plant gate LCA. We analyzed energy balance, GHG emissions (including LUC, not including iLUC), and the main impacts on air, water and soil quality. In both systems the annualized soil carbon sequestration was more than twofold the total GHG emitted, equal to −6464 kg CO₂eq ha⁻¹ in FS and −5757 kg CO₂eq ha⁻¹ in MS. Overall, soil characteristics affected not only GR yield level, but also its environmental impact, which seems to be higher in the MS system both on a hectare and tonne basis. The production of GR biomass in marginal soil could thus lead to higher environmental impacts and a more extensive land requirement.     

Long‐term Treatment with Methylene Blue in a Dog with Hereditary Methemoglobinemia Caused by Cytochrome b5 Reductase Deficiency

A juvenile male mixed breed dog was presented for lethargy, exercise intolerance, and aggression when touched on the head. Cyanosis, tachycardia, and tachypnea were observed and persisted during oxygen supplementation. Arterial blood gas analysis by co‐oximetry identified an increased methemoglobin concentration (27%; normal, <2%) with normal arterial oxygen tension. The methemoglobinemia and associated clinical signs resolved after administration of methylene blue (1 mg/kg) IV, and the dog was discharged. The affected dog's whole‐genome sequence contained 2 potentially causal heterozygous CYB5R3 missense mutations suggesting that cytochrome b5 reductase deficiency was responsible for the methemoglobinemia. This hypothesis was confirmed by enzyme analysis that identified cytochrome b5 reductase activity in the affected dog's erythrocytes to only approximately 6% of that in a control sample. Clinical signs recurred 11 days after discharge but normalized and the methemoglobin concentration decreased with methylene blue administration PO (1.5 mg/kg, initially daily and then every other day).     

加热对牛奶中风味物质的影响

试验用有机溶剂乙醚萃取了原料乳和巴氏杀菌乳中的风味物质,并用气相色谱(GC)-质谱(MS)联用法结合内标法对其进行定性和相对定量分析。结果表明,在原料乳的风味物质中,共鉴定出46种物质,主要由C_8～C_(20)的酮类、烷烃、烷酸和酯类组成;在加热温度为65℃时间为30 min的巴氏杀菌乳中,共鉴定出69种物质,除上述几类物质外还含有醛类、酯类和烯类等物质。其中辛烷、环氧乙烷、己酸、苯乙酮、壬醛、辛酸、十二烷、2-癸醛、十三烷、2,4(E)(E)-十二烯醛、2-亚甲基-环戊醇、癸酸等具有较强的挥发性,是牛乳中风味物质中的重要成分。     

基于风险的油气管道维修及抢险流程

根据降低管道风险要从降低管道失效概率和失效后果两方面入手的原则,制定了油气管道维修和抢险流程.分析了该流程中险情原因、险情类型和险情程度、维修或抢险措施、 后期工作等主要步骤.介绍了包括外部腐蚀、内部腐蚀等在内的八类险情原因、两类险情类型--隐患和事故.指出了油气管道维修和抢险的基本概念以及在应急准备中应当注意的事项.     

In vitro fermentation characteristics of different carbohydrate sources in two dog breeds (German shepherd and Neapolitan mastiff)

Few studies have been published on the normal intestinal biota of canines unlike the wealth of information regarding livestock animal species. The in vitro gas production technique (IVGPT) including measurements of accumulating gas during fermentation and end‐product determinations allows obtaining a complete picture of microbial activity kinetics. The aim of this study was to study the in vitro fermentation characteristics of different carbohydrate sources using inocula from two dog breeds (German Shepherd and Neapolitan mastiff). Faeces sampled from rectum of two GS and NM adult dogs, fed the same dry food, were used as inocula. The samples, diluted and filtered, were incubated at 39 °C under anaerobic condition with nine substrates different for carbohydrate composition (rice, corn, potato, spelt, pure cellulose, beet pulp, wheat bran, inulin and fructo‐oligosaccharide). Gas production was recorded 17 times using a manual pressure transducer. After 48 h, the fermentation was stopped and fermenting liquor was analysed for pH and volatile fatty acids (VFA). Organic matter digestibility (OMD) was calculated as difference after burning the residuals. OMD, gas production and end‐products were significantly correlated with chemical composition of substrates, in particular carbohydrate fractions (total dietary fibre and starch), confirming the effectiveness of the IVGPT in evaluating dog feeds. Concerning the comparison between breeds significant differences (p < 0.01) were found for OMD, gas production, fermentation kinetic parameters and end‐products, suggesting a different pathway of fermentation and consequently, a different anaerobic population.     

行星架式伸缩杆齿拾膜机构的改进设计及试验

为了克服伸缩杆齿式拾膜机构结构复杂的缺点,对其进行了改进设计,并对杆齿拾膜轨迹进行了理论和仿真分析。同时,通过土槽台架试验系统对影响机构拾膜性能的机具行进速度、拾膜杆齿末端挑膜线速度与机具行进速度比和杆齿入土角度3个主要因素进行了正交试验。试验结果表明:当机具行进速度为0.9m/s、拾膜杆齿末端挑膜线速度与机具行进速度比为1.2、杆齿入土角度为55°时,拾膜率较高。     

蔬菜种子风力筛选机分离室气固两相流模拟与试验

分离室作为蔬菜种子风力筛选机的重要组成部分,其风机频率和风门开度对种子筛选分离的质量有着重要的影响。利用Fluent软件的RNG k-ε湍流模型和DPM离散相模型,仿真了物料在分离室中的运动过程。用多项式拟合法分析了仿真结果,获得工作参数(风机频率和风门开度)与清选性能(清洁率和损失率)的关系。在此基础上,对清洁率和损失率进行运算,得到清选效率,该指标全面综合地反映了不同工况下清选效果的优劣。由清选效率的三维图及其等值线图能够便捷地分析分离室的最优工作参数。通过以上方法,得到上海青种子、菠菜种子和小白菜种子最优工作参数。分别是风机频率35 Hz、风门开度75%;风机频率42 Hz、风门开度80%;风机频率36 Hz、风门开度80%,对应的清选效率分别是88%、84%和88%。设计实机验证试验,比较了不同工况下清选性能的仿真结果与试验结果,二者吻合度较高,证明了分离室气固两相流模型的可靠性。     

涩宁兰管道八盘峡黄河悬索跨越的设计

涩宁兰管道八盘峡黄河悬索跨越是大型管道跨越,其跨度居大管径管桥之首,且跨越段水深流急,工程设计及施工难度较大。针对设计方案选定、结构计算、主材选用及工程实施方案等问题,进行了大量的设计调研,经多方案比选,最终确定采用悬索结构形式。介绍了八盘峡黄河悬索跨越的设计过程,设计经验可供同类型管道跨越设计时参考。     

旱地组合型微垄全膜不同覆盖时期对土壤水分及胡麻生长的影响

春夏干旱是榆中县旱作区胡麻产量的主要限制因素。进一步减少旱地冬春季土壤水分的无效蒸发、提高土壤含水量,为胡麻前期生长创造良好的土壤条件是实现该区胡麻高产稳产的必须步骤。2011—2012年连续两年在地处甘肃省中部半干旱雨养农业区的榆中县石头沟旱作农业示范点进行了组合型微垄全膜覆盖不同覆膜时期对旱地胡麻生长影响的试验。本试验设组合型微垄全膜秋覆盖垄侧栽培、组合型微垄全膜播种前覆盖垄侧栽培和露地穴播三个处理,分别对其土壤水分、经济性状、生育期、产量结果进行分析。结果表明,旱地胡麻组合型微垄全膜秋覆盖垄侧栽培可明显减少冬春季土壤水分的无效蒸发,增加土壤水分含量,0~60 cm的土壤平均含水量,分别比旱地胡麻微垄全膜播种前覆盖垄侧栽培和旱地胡麻露地穴播栽培高31.9 g·kg-1和45.3 g·kg-1;胡麻的经济性状明显改善,株高分别比旱地胡麻微垄全膜播种前覆盖垄侧栽培和旱地胡麻露地穴播栽培高3.8 cm和14.7 cm、单株蒴果数分别增加8.5个和11.5个、蒴果粒数分别增加0.6个和1.65个、千粒重分别提高0.05 g和0.31g。旱地胡麻组合型微垄全膜秋季覆盖垄侧栽培比胡麻露地栽培增产1 471.2 kg·hm-2,增幅129.54%,比旱地胡麻微垄全膜播种前覆盖垄侧栽培增产378.22 kg·hm-2,增幅17.41%,增产效果十分明显。     

不同覆膜方式对烤烟农艺性状的影响

[目的]研究皖南地区揭膜与全程覆膜对烤烟农艺性状的影响。[方法]采用田间试验。试验品种为云烟87、云烟97、K326。试验地点为新田镇新田村、文昌镇福川村、寒亭镇通津村、养贤仁义村、泾县榔桥镇浙溪村,土壤类型分别为冲积沙壤土、冲积沙壤土、黄泥田、麻沙土、粉砂土。设栽后40 d揭膜培土和全程覆膜2个覆膜处理。[结果]覆膜方式对不同土壤类型烤烟农艺性状的影响存在差异,其中覆膜方式对新田烤烟茎围、有效叶数及养贤有效叶数的影响存在极显著差异;覆膜方式和品种互作效应对新田茎围、有效叶数、中部叶长、中部叶宽、上部叶长、寒亭上部叶长、上部叶宽、养贤中部叶长的影响存在极显著差异;覆膜方式对泾县、寒亭、文昌烤烟农艺性状的影响无显著差异。[结论]该研究可为确定烤烟大田生产行之有效的农事操作方式提供科学指导。