Kaurane-type diterpenoids from Chromoleana odorata, their X-ray diffraction studies and potent α-glucosidase inhibition of 16-kauren-19-oic acid

A new diterpenoid, 15-angeloyloxy-16,17-epoxy-19-kauronic acid (1), along with five known metabolites, 16-kauren-19-oic acid (2), 6′-hydroxy-2′,3′,4,4′-tetramethoxychalcone (3), isosakuranetin (4), acacetin (5), and kaempferide (6) was isolated from the organic extracts of the roots of Chromoleana odorata. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic evidences. The structures of 1 and 2 were further confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. Compound 2 exhibited significant α-glucosidase inhibitory and antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis.     

Response of denitrifying communities to successive soil freeze–thaw cycles

The effect of soil freeze–thaw cycles on the denitrification potential was examined based on the C₂H₂ inhibition method. The gross N₂O production curve of the soil sample (incubation with C₂H₂) showed minor changes between the freeze–thaw treatment and the unfrozen control. However, kinetics analysis revealed that the initial production rate, an indicator of the population density of denitrifying communities, decreased (P = 0.043) and the specific growth rate constant, an indicator of the activity of denitrifying communities, increased (P = 0.039) as a result of the freeze–thaw cycles in five of six soil samples examined. The increase in the specific growth rate constant suggested the stimulation of the activity of denitrifying communities that survived after the freeze–thaw cycles and may explain the minor suppression on the gross N₂O production in spite of decreasing the population density of denitrifying communities that was suggested by the initial production rate. The net N₂O production curve of the soil sample (incubation without C₂H₂) showed a remarkable change in one out of six soil samples, and in that one soil sample, N₂O release to the atmosphere was largely stimulated (7.6 times) by the freeze–thaw cycles. However, the stimulation of the N₂O release by the freeze–thaw cycles was even observed in two other selected soil samples (4.6 and 1.8 times), suggesting that an imbalance in the N₂O-producing and N₂O-reducing activities of denitrifying communities might complementally explain the N₂O release stimulated by the freeze–thaw cycles.     

Novel antibiotics as inhibitors for the selective respiratory inhibition method of measuring fungal:bacterial ratios in soil

The use of the selective inhibition (SI) method for measuring fungal:bacterial ratios may be limited due to biocide selectivity and the overlap of antibiotic activity. This study evaluated novel pairs of antibiotics for their specificity in soils of different origins and their potential reduction in inhibition of non-target organisms. Four soils selected for this study were from a semi-arid shrub-steppe, a loblolly pine forest and two grassland sites (restored and farmed prairie plots). Three bactericides were tested: oxytetracycline hydrochloride, streptomycin sulphate, and bronopol. Three fungicides were tested: captan, ketoconazole, and nystatin. The inhibitor additivity ratio and fungal:bacterial ratios were calculated from control and treated soils where inhibition was measured as CO₂ respiration reduction with biocides. We were able to minimize non-target inhibition by the antibiotics to <5% and thus calculate reliable fungal:bacterial ratios using captan to inhibit fungi in all four soils, and bronopol to inhibit bacteria in three of the four soils. The most successful bactericide in the restored prairie was oxytetracycline-HCl. Our results demonstrate that application of novel antibiotics is not uniformly successful in soils of different origin and that the SI technique requires more than just optimization of antibiotic concentration; it also requires optimization of antibiotic selection.     

Denitrification losses from an irrigated sandy-clay loam under a wheat-maize cropping system receiving different fertilizer treatments

Studies were conducted on denitrification in the plough layer of an irrigated sandy-clay loam under a wheat-maize cropping system receiving different fertilizer treatments. The treatments were: N-100 (urea-N at 100kgha^–1year^–1), N-200 (urea-N at 200kgha^–1year^–1), FYM-16 (farmyard manure at 16 tonnes ha^–1year^–1), FYM-32 (farmyard manure at 32 tonnesha^–1year^–1) and the control (unfertilized). Averaged across sampling dates during the wheat season, the denitrification rate as measured by the C₂H₂-inhibition/soil-core incubation method was highest in N-200 (83gNha^–1day^–1), followed by FYM-32 (60gNha^–1day^–1, N-100 (51gNha^–1day^–1), FYM-16 (47gNha^–1day^–1) and the control (33gNha^–1 day^–1). During the maize growing season, average denitrification rate was highest in FYM-32 (525gNha^–1day^–1), followed by FYM-16 (408gNha^–1day^–1), N-200 (372gNha^–1day^–1, N-100 (262gNha^–1day^–1) and the control (203gNha^–1day^–1). Denitrification loss integrated over the whole vegetation period was at a maximum under FYM-32 (13.9kgNha^–1), followed by N-200 (11.8kgNha^–1), FYM-16 (10.6kgNha^–1) and N-100 (8.0kgNha^–1), whereas the minimum was observed for the control (5.8kgNha^–1). Under both crops, denitrification was significantly correlated with water-filled pore space and soil NO₃ ^–-N. The best multiple regression models accounted for 52% and 70% of the variability in denitrification under wheat and maize, respectively. Results indicated that denitrification is not an important N loss mechanism in this well-drained, irrigated sandy-clay loam under a wheat-maize cropping system receiving fertilizer inputs in the range of 100–200kgNha^–1year^–1. Received: 14 January 1997     

Effect of bulk density and soil water tension on denitrification in the rhizosphere of spring wheat (Triticum vulgare

Summary Pot experiments were carried out to study the influence of bulk density (D _b), soil water tension (pF) and presence of plants (spring wheat) on denitrification in a low-humus B_t-horizon of a udalf. Pots of only 5-cm depth were found to be most suitable for the experiments when using the acetylene inhibition method. Almost homogeneous soil compaction between 1.1 and 1.6g soil cm^–3 was achieved by a Proctor tamper. Water tensions were adjusted by means of ceramic plates on which negative pressure was applied. No denitrification was detected in unplanted pots. With planted pots and increasing bulk density denitrification increased more in pots with 14-day-old plants than in pots with 7-day-old plants. With 14-day-old plants N₂O emission pot^–1 increased steadily from 2 mol at D _b 1.1 to 8 mol at D _b 1.6, when soil moisture was adjusted to pF 1.5, although root growth was impaired by higher bulk density. From an experiment with different bulk densities and water tensions it could be deduced that the air-filled porosity ultimately determined the rate of denitrification. When low water tension was applied for a longer period, water tension had an overriding effect on total denitrification. Denitrification intensity, however, i.e. the amount of N₂O g^–1 root fresh weight, was highest when low water tension was accompanied by high bulk density. The results suggest that the increase in denitrification intensity at oxygen stress is partly due to higher root exudation.     

20种植物提取液对黄瓜霜霉病的预防作用研究

用叶圆盘生测法测定了20种植物不同组织部位的甲醇提取液对黄瓜霜霉病菌(Pseudoperonosporacubensis)的抑菌效果,其中水蓼(PolygonumhydropiperL.)全草,合欢(AlbiziajulibrissinDurazz.)叶和石楠(PhotiniaserrulataLindl.)枝的甲醇提取液在离体叶圆盘的防效分别为98.33%,100.00%和100.00%,其它植物提取液均无明显抑菌效果。上述3种植物提取液的室内盆栽试验结果表明,7天后对黄瓜霜霉病的预防效果分别为54.19%,62.00%和78.93%,田间试验的防效则分别为25.57%,27.91%和48.84%。对防效较好的石楠枝甲醇提取物用石油醚、乙酸乙酯、水饱和正丁醇依次进行萃取,并对各萃取物进行叶圆盘测定,结果表明,有效活性成分存在于正丁醇相和水相中;当浓度为30mg.ml-1时,两相萃取物对黄瓜霜霉病的抑制率分别为100.00%和87.87%。     

GRP新型温室覆盖膜温热特性的研究

为解决现有温室塑料覆盖膜使用寿命短、变光性能差、造价高的问题, 研制成功了经济耐用、变光性能优的GRP新型覆盖材料。在实验基础上, 运用现代数理统计方法, 初步分析了GRP温室覆盖材料的温热特性, 防雾和防滴性能及对栽培作物产量的影响。结果证明, GRP膜具有良好的温热性与保温性, 在最低气温条件下, 试验温室室内最低气温比对照温室室内气温高2℃, 而最高气温均为32℃; 在阴天, GRP膜的增温效果较EVA膜好,最好时比对照温室内气温高3 30℃。另外, 在实验期间, 试验温室从未见过起雾, 滴水也很少, 说明新材料具有良好的防雾、防滴性能。因此, GRP膜对作物生产具有明显的增产效应, 与对照温室相比, 增产幅度高达16 2%。     

苦荞胰蛋白酶抑制剂纯化方法的研究

以苦荞种子为材料,经热变性、硫酸铵盐析后制成苦荞胰蛋白酶抑制剂(TBTI)粗品,然后用离子交换层析及亲和层析的不同洗脱体系对其进行纯化。结果发现:亲和层析法操作简单、纯化效率高。十二烷基硫酸钠一聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(SDS-PAGE)显示为一条带。分子量约为12 kDa～15 kDa。     

4个放线菌株对植物病原真菌的拮抗作用初探*

 4个放线菌株（143号、36号、15号、179号）菌丝研磨液，选用玉米大斑病菌(Exserohilum turcicum)、稻褐色杆腐病菌(Sclerotium oryzae-satvae)、柚子炭疽病菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)和稻黑粒病菌(Curvularia lunata)作为供试病原菌，进行平板抑菌试验，结果表明4个放线菌株的菌丝研磨液对供试病菌均有不同的抑制效果。143号放线菌株对供试的4个病菌均有显著的抑菌作用，抑菌率分别达到95.7%，94.4%，87.2%和73.1%。试验表明抑菌方式不同，除36和15号放线菌株使稻褐色杆腐病菌菌丝生长较快和稀薄，不能形成菌核外，4个放线菌株均抑制供试病原真菌菌丝伸长。结果显示143和179号菌株的菌丝研磨液抑菌谱较广。     

抗生素对微生物发酵生产L—苹果酸过程中污染杂菌的抑制效果测定

试验模拟Ｌ－苹果酸发酵上罐的温度、ｐＨ值以及通气等条件，利用振荡培养法测定庆大霉素、链霉素、硫酸核糖霉素，硫酸小诺霉素等４种抗生素对污染杂苗的最低抑制浓度，并进行两次加菌试验，结合平板检菌加以验证。结果表明庆大霉素的抑菌作用最强，其次是硫酸小诺霉素。庆大霉素的ＭＩＣ为０．４ｍｇ／Ｌ，经两次加菌后，有效浓度为０．８ｍｇ／Ｌ，通过在２４０和１７００Ｌ发酵罐上的实际应用，有效地防止了杂菌污染，证明此法是