外源性氮和磷对火力楠和马尾松混合凋落叶分解的影响

【目的】研究外源性N和P对火力楠Michelia macclurei和马尾松Pinus massoniana凋落叶分解速率的影响,以及分解过程中的N、P、K含量变化,了解混合凋落叶分解对外源性N和P的响应机制,为森林资源管理提供参考。【方法】将火力楠和马尾松混合凋落叶置于火力楠林地及马尾松林地,分别设立4块5 m×5 m的小样方,喷施N、P和N+P,比较其分解速率及分解过程中的N、P、K含量变化。【结果】在2种林地的不同处理下,24个月后,火力楠林地混合凋落叶残留量为施N(4.99 g)对照(4.14 g)施N+P(2.17 g)施P(1.16 g),马尾松林地混合凋落叶残留量为施N(2.72 g)对照(1.21 g)施N+P(0.36 g)施P(0.16 g),施N对火力楠和马尾松林下的混合凋落叶的分解有抑制作用;施P后两者的混合凋落叶的分解速率均不同程度地有所加快;施N+P后两者的混合凋落叶的分解速率也均加快,但慢于施P处理。马尾松林下混合凋落叶残留量均小于火力楠林下混合凋落叶残留量。分解24个月后,火力楠林地施N、P和N+P的混合凋落叶N质量分数分别为13.72、12.34和13.70 g·kg~(–1),而马尾松林地分别为12.63、13.46和14.54 g·kg~(–1),均显著大于其凋落叶的初始N质量分数(9.90 g·kg~(–1));施P和N+P处理的火力楠林地混合凋落叶P质量分数由初始的0.38 g·kg~(–1)分别增至0.86和0.74 g·kg~(–1),而马尾松林地混合凋落叶P质量分数由初始的0.38 g·kg~(–1)分别增至1.37和1.05 g·kg~(–1)。凋落叶K含量的变化无规律。【结论】火力楠和马尾松混交可促进火力楠凋落叶分解,提高混合凋落叶的分解速率。     

Responses of Components of Antioxidant System in Moongbean Genotypes to Cadmium Stress

Four genotypes (Pusa 9531, Pusa 9072, Pusa Vishal, PS‐16) of moongbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek] grown in earthen pots were treated with cadmium at 0, 25, 50, and 100 mg kg^?1 soil. Cadmium tolerance (CdT), the ability of a plant to maintain growth at high levels of cadmium (Cd), was calculated as the ratio of dry‐matter production in the untreated and the Cd‐treated soils. The moongbean genotypes showed a differential response to Cd concentrations; Pusa 9531 was identified as Cd tolerant, whereas PS 16 was Cd susceptible. To find out the physiological basis of these differences, we investigated the possible role of antioxidant (enzymatic and nonenzymatic) defense systems. Activities of superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (EC 1.11.1.6), ascorbate peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.11), and glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2) and the amounts of ascorbate and glutathione were monitored in the Cd‐tolerant and Cd‐sensitive moongbean genotypes. The results revealed the presence of a strong antioxidant defense system in the Cd‐tolerant genotype (Pusa 9531) for providing adequate protection against oxidative stress caused by Cd.     

Suitability of foliar N applied to rainfed maize in permanent beds after 12 crop seasons of granular N application

Abstract

Yield and kernel quality of rainfed maize as affected by N fertilizer has been generally evaluated through the application of granular N sources at high rates. The purpose of this work was to estimate the response of maize yield and quality (kernel hardness—floating index, weight and test weight -, P uptake and protein) to foliar N application and preceding granular N. Data for this report were collected in 2014 and 2015 in a long-term experiment established in 2002 under permanent beds in a split plot arrangement. Main plot treatments were three foliar N rates (0, 4.5 and 9?kg ha^?1) laid out on the top of four preceding granular N rates (0, 20, 40 and 60?kg ha^?1) applied from 2002 to 2013 as subplots. Weather conditions were relatively wetter in 2014 than 2015. In 2014, test weight and floating index improved over that in 2015. Foliar application of 9?kg N ha^?1 enhanced yield and protein. In 2014, yield response to preceding N rates showed an increasing trend whereas in 2015 response was null. Kernel P uptake response to preceding N rates showed a differential reaction among foliar N rates; 9?kg ha^?1 showed the greatest uptake. Kernel floating index was associated to kernel P uptake. Apparently, this relationship has not been previously reported. Results suggests that the application of 9?kg N ha^?1 to foliage of rainfed maize grown in permanent beds has the potential to substitute the traditional fertilization practice of granular N sources.     

不同CBI日粮对牦牛瘤胃发酵参数、血清生化指标和养分消化率的影响

本试验旨在探究不同碳水化合物平衡指数(Carbohydrate balance index,CBI)日粮对牦牛瘤胃发酵参数、血清生化指标和养分消化率的影响,选取3种不同CBI(1.17,2.45,5.67)日粮,采用3×3拉丁方试验设计,通过一系列指标测定,明确牦牛最优日粮CBI水平。结果表明：不同CBI牦牛日粮瘤胃发酵参数均不显著;CBI=1.17与CBI=5.67牦牛日粮的白蛋白/球蛋白差异不显著,但均显著高于CBI=2.45的牦牛日粮(P<0.05);CBI=2.45牦牛日粮干物质消化率、蛋白质消化率显著高于CBI=1.17和CBI=5.67(P<0.05);CBI=2.45与CBI=5.67牦牛日粮的中性洗涤纤维消化率差异不显著,但均显著高于CBI=1.17(P<0.05)。综上所述：牦牛日粮的CBI=2.45更有利于其瘤胃发酵和养分消化利用。     

黑土土壤质量演变初探I——不同开垦年限黑土主要质量指标演变规律

根据土壤质量的定义和研究方法 ,对黑土的主要质量指标演变规律进行初步研究。结果表明 :黑土的颗粒组成受开垦历史影响的程度较小 ,其质地没有发生显著变化 ;黑土的有机质、全氮、全硫和全磷随着黑土开垦时间的增加而不断降低 ;速效磷随黑土开垦时间的增加有增高的趋势。经过统计分析 ,黑土中粉砂(0.05～0.002mm)含量与细砂(0.25～0.05mm)和粘粒(<0.002mm)含量具有相关性,黑土有机质含量与全氮、全硫、全磷和速效钾具有明显的正相关。因此 ,初步认为黑土中粉粒和有机质含量可以作为土壤物理和养分方面的质量指标     

中华蜜蜂保种(资源)分子生物学评价方法

中华蜜蜂是我国独特的东方蜜蜂遗传资源,具有非常重要的利用与保护价值。随着技术的发展,基于分子生物学的保种手段也逐渐展开。本文详细阐述了蜜蜂保种的重要性,介绍了适用于蜜蜂资源评价的常用遗传标记以及适用于遗传资源保护的评价指标,为中蜂资源保护与利用工作提供理论与实践指导。     

Spatial variation of tracer distribution in a structured clay field soil

Within the sensitive soils of the River Oder Basin (E Brandenburg, Germany), chloride‐tracer transport was studied with respect to soil‐surface conditions of the well structured clayey topsoil (disturbed vs. undisturbed) and irrigation mode (flooding vs. sprinkling). The spatial variation of chloride and dye distribution was sampled in a regular grid within different soil depths. Different methods were used for the analysis of spatial heterogeneity: a heterogeneity index HI derived from fitting parameters of the cumulative distribution function, semivariogram analyses to identify the spatial representativity of observations and to classify the spatial variation, and Spearman's rank correlations to examine the spatial similarity of tracer distribution across different soil depths. Soil aggregation was obvious throughout the soil profile, and macropores and fractures were preferred flow paths for the tracer. Flood irrigation resulted in more “uniform” distribution than sprinkling did. However, preferential flow was identified for all treatments, where, once established below the surface layer, flow paths led to heterogeneity indices manifesting nonuniform flow and reduced lateral mixing between macropores and soil matrix. Within the flooded plot, spatial structure of chloride concentration was moderate unlike the strongly structured variation within the sprinkled plots. For purposes to generalize and to assess regional risk of the water and solute transport within the topsoil of the River Oder Basin, spatial autocorrelation ranges of about 15 cm should be considered and included into concepts of soil protection and land‐use management, soil‐sampling strategies, or modeling approaches.     

对基本实现农业机械化评价体系的探讨——以江苏省苏州市为例

阐述基本实现农业机械化应坚持的基本思想;明确了基本实现农业机械化的内涵、标志和评价指标体系建立的基本原则;初步构建了评价体系的基本框架。     

安庆市景观水体现状调查研究

针对安庆市5处景观水体现状进行调查研究,并对其水域水体进行取样分析,测定COD,浊度,NH3-N,DO,BOD55项水质指标,进行分析对比。根据分析结果提出相应的可行性治理措施。     

不同香型烤烟CO_2膨胀前后品质的比较研究

[目的]比较不同香型烤烟CO2膨胀前后品质变化。[方法]开展了3种主要香型烟叶CO2膨胀试验,对各样品烟丝膨胀前后的物理性能、化学成分、烟气指标和内在质量进行检测分析。[结果]清香型烟叶经过CO2膨胀,还原糖、挥发酸、焦油和烟碱含量平均降幅最大,香气质、香气量和柔细度改善或保持最佳;浓香型烟叶的平均膨胀效果最明显,总糖、总氮含量平均变化最大,杂气、刺激性、透发性和浓度改善或保持最佳;中间香型烟叶CO2膨胀后总植物碱、氯和蛋白质含量平均变化明显,重量、口数、总粒相物以及CO 4项指标降幅最大,甜度、余味指标有更好提升。[结论]不同香型烤烟各项理化、感官指标受膨胀影响程度有所差别,烤烟香型与CO2膨胀具有一定的关联性。