带式钵苗喂入系统的分析与试验

简要介绍了由带式钵苗喂入系统和导苗管式栽植系统组成的钵苗栽植机的工作原理,而对本机创新点——输送带式钵苗喂入系统作了较为详细的分析;提出了向导苗管式栽植器喂入钵苗的基本要求;通过计算和试验,讨论了输送带的传动比、输送带长度、送钵时间、分钵器主要参数对生产率、栽植株距及均匀性和操作者劳动强度的影响,还讨论了保证钵苗喂入连续性的条件;应用刚体平面运动理论对钵苗在输送带末端的翻倒以及在扶正器作用下的转正过程进行描述。试验表明该喂入系统操作简单、分钵可靠、喂入姿态合理,适用于多种作物钵苗     

基于流变特性分析的菠菜有序收获机夹持输送装置研究

针对菠菜有序收获夹持输送过程中极易出现挤压损伤的问题,基于菠菜植株的流变特性对夹持输送过程中工作参数对损伤的影响进行了研究。首先提出了一种菠菜夹持输送装置,阐述其工作原理和机械结构,分析了浮动夹持机构与菠菜植株的互作关系;通过Burgers粘弹性模型构建了菠菜植株夹持输送作用下的流变本构方程,利用菠菜植株的蠕变试验,确定流变本构方程系数;在不考虑弹性变形和粘塑性变形前提下求得菠菜塑性变形表达式,并将菠菜塑性变形量作为衡量菠菜机械损伤程度的评价指标;选择对损伤影响较大的夹持轮当量弹性系数和输送速度,分析其对菠菜塑性变形量的影响,得到最小塑性变形下的作业条件;选取输送速度和当量弹性系数三水平的5组参数组合进行分析研究,得到不同参数组合下的夹持输送过程中夹持力与时间的关系方程,以菠菜最小塑性变形量为目标,实现低损伤收获。为了验证用菠菜流变特性分析工作参数对菠菜损伤影响的可行性,进行了夹持输送试验,试验结果表明:当输送速度为25 mm/s、当量弹性系数为2 N/mm时,输送成功率为93. 3%,菠菜损伤率为6. 7%,夹持输送效果较好。     

大果沙棘杂交后代性状遗传变异分析

以楚伊、HS-21和蒙优4等大果沙棘品种为亲本组配的7个杂交组合后代210个株系为试材,对种子油、果实中VC含量和花性3个性状进行遗传变异分析,结果表明：VC含量的遗传大体呈现出一定程度的高亲变异倾向,种子油含量的遗传大体呈现出一定程度的低亲变异倾向,这2个性状的遗传受环境影响较小,性状遗传稳定性较小。7个杂交组合花性遗传符合自由组合规律,即符合11∶的比例。     

川西南山地云南松林窗边界木偏冠现象与影响因素

树冠偏倚是树冠外部形态受生物学和非生物学因素综合影响的结果.该文研究了川西南山地阳性树种云南松的偏冠现象及其影响因素.云南松边界木偏冠现象普遍存在,树冠偏倚程度大于0.5的个体达到了95%(偏冠率1)和93%(偏冠率2).自然地理条件下,云南松边界木偏冠方向和方位可能有关,树冠偏向南方的边界木近80%,与地形和光照等非生物环境有关.云南松边界木偏冠程度受云南松自身特征的影响,偏冠率1和胸径、年龄、侧树间距、后树间距存在显著相关关系,和树高、枝下高间关系不显著.云南松偏冠受邻体树木分布影响,偏冠率2和侧树距离有关,和胸径、年龄、树高、枝下高、后树距离无显著相关关系.因此,云南松树冠偏倚程度受多种因素影响,受自身特征、邻体分布和非生物环境的相互作用.      

玉米联合收获机输送槽的设计与分析

输送槽是玉米联合收获机的一个重要部件,是割台与剥皮机相连接的纽带。为此,介绍了4YZP-3型自走式玉米联合收获机输送槽的设计,通过对输送槽输送速度、受力等情况的分析确定其各项参数。同时,使用ADAMS软件对其运动情况进行分析,利用ANSYS Workbench软件分析其受力情况,并采用了输送槽折边的方式来增强壳体边缘强度。     

不同株型水稻叶倾角群体分布的模拟

 以株型因子为参数,建立了不同株型品种水稻叶倾角分布模型。对该模型进行验证,模拟值与实测值的1∶1回归直线的R2和RMSE分别为0.9472和3.93%。用本模型对3种株型、6个冠层高度和7个生长期的水稻冠层叶倾角分布的模拟结果表明,3种株型水稻叶倾角分布不同,紧凑株型的两优培九叶倾角较大,叶片挺立;松散株型的汕优63叶倾角最小,叶片披垂;中间型两优Y06介于两者中间,与实际观察结果一致。同一品种7个生长期叶倾角分布不同,从分蘖期到孕穗期,冠层叶倾角逐渐变大,叶片逐渐挺立;从孕穗期到成熟期,两优培九叶倾角变化不明显,汕优63和两优Y06则逐渐变小,叶片逐渐披散,其中,汕优63尤为明显。同一品种相同生长期的 6个冠层高度叶倾角分布不同,随着冠层高度增加,3个品种的分层LAI均减小,两优培九叶倾角变化不大,汕优63逐渐增大,两优Y06逐渐减小。试验证明该模型具有良好实用性。     

Tree morphology responds to neighbourhood competition and slope in species-rich forests of subtropical China

Trees are able to respond to their local biotic and abiotic environment with morphological adjustments which improve resource acquisition and, thus, growth. In forests, light is broadly recognised as one of the major factors determining growth, and morphological responses comprise changes in crown architecture and stem stature. On sloping terrain, the interplay of phototropism and gravitropism may further affect morphological growth characteristics. However, different tree species are expected to show species-specific responses. In this study, we analysed three growth characteristics of tree individuals belonging to four species of two functional groups (evergreen: Schima superba, Castanopsis eyrei, deciduous: Quercus serrata var. brevipetiolata, Castanea henryi) in a species-rich Chinese subtropical forest. Crown projection area, relative crown displacement and stem inclination were related to biotic (local species richness, functional richness, competition, stand age) and abiotic (slope aspect and inclination, soil depth) variables in the local neighbourhood of the tree individuals. We hypothesised that (i) there are species-specific differences in the morphological response of crown architecture and stem stature and (ii) that crown size and asymmetry as well as stem inclination are influenced by both, biotic and abiotic factors. In contrast to our expectations we were unable to reveal any species-specific differences in any of the three growth characteristics. The results of mixed effects models showed that crown area was mainly affected by the target tree's dbh and biotic variables related to neighbours (competition, functional diversity), whereas stem inclination was mainly influenced by slope. Relative crown displacement was influenced by both, biotic and abiotic variables. We conclude that growth responses resulting in crown displacement and stem inclination seem to be an important mechanism to ameliorate foraging for light in our study area, but that these responses appear to be species-independent. The interplay of stem inclination and crown displacement allows for a plastic response of tree individuals in biotically and abiotically heterogeneous environments. Our results indicate that forest management in this region should focus on functionally diverse stands which are promoting crown area positively resulting in increased growth rates of individual trees.     

Comparison of methods for measuring gap size distribution and canopy nonrandomness at Järvselja RAMI (RAdiation transfer Model Intercomparison) test sites

Methods for analyzing foliage nonrandomness by means of the TRAC instrument, digital hemispheric photography, and a gap fraction model are assessed at two RAMI (RAdiation transfer Model Intercomparison) mature stands in Järvselja, Estonia. The six different methods involve calculation of the canopy element clumping index, at scales coarser than that of a shoot. The major aim was to define the merits and limitations of the various methods. We conclude the gap size distribution and beyond-shoot clumping is very stable across the stands for the solar zenith angle range from 30° to 60°. Estimates based on the gap size distribution and the combination of gap size and logarithm methods performed the best while compared with an independent gap fraction model. We clarify the effect of the assumed leaf inclination angle distribution on gap size distribution and differences between estimates of beyond-shoot clumping. We show that the modified, gap-size distribution based method of Chen and Cihlar can provide reliable beyond-shoot clumping estimates without any a priori assumptions about the total gap fraction, segment length or the leaf inclination angle distribution. We also illustrate the changes in element clumping with measurement height. The compiled data extend the original parameter dataset to be used in the next phase of RAMI for different benchmark tests and reflectance modeling experiments, and contribute toward systematic validation efforts of radiative transfer models, operational algorithms, and field instruments, as promoted by the Committee on Earth Observation Satellites (CEOS).     

河西走廊商品粮基地建设中不容忽视的问题

论述了完善土地承包经营制度、深化粮食流通体制改革及加大农业投资等方面的问题，对土地转让价格、粮食保护价格的制定及政府投资倾斜提出了新的见解。     

农业生产利益机制探析

本文对农业生产利益现状进行了剖析,揭示了我国农业生产徘徊不前的原因,对如何提高农业生产利益,作者提出了自己独特的新见解。