采收方式和成熟度对烤烟上部烟叶产质量的影响

通过不同采收方式研究不同成熟度上部烟叶物理特性、外观质量、化学成分、评吸质量等变化特点。结果表明:不同采收方式相比,顶1叶尚熟时集中采收上部6叶或上部各叶适熟时进行分次采收做法,所得上部叶整体质量较高,且更接近中部烟叶。采收方式对烟叶物理特性影响远大于成熟度对烟叶影响,集中采收能明显降低上部烟叶单叶重和叶密度,叶片组织结构相对疏松;成熟度对烟叶化学成分的影响大于采收方式对烟叶的影响,成熟度提高后总糖、总氮、烟碱和还原糖含量下降,钾含量有所提高,烟叶的香气质、香气量提高,杂气和刺激性降低,可用性有所提高。集中采收可提高上部烟叶整体成熟度,但烟叶产量和产值因此稍有下降。     

玉米不同时间收获与含水率变化

根据田间玉米籽粒含水率来确定最佳机械粒收的时间,能为定边区域春玉米机械粒收技术的推广应用提供依据。通过不同时间收获取样,进行称重、脱粒和测定,了解当地主栽玉米品种的籽粒含水率变化。定边区域春玉米成熟后,经过田间站杆脱水时期,籽粒含水率可以控制在17%~22%之间。每年十月中下旬收获,可保证玉米机械粒收质量。     

西兰花选择性采收作业平台识别切割装置设计与试验

针对当前人工采收西兰花存在季节性劳动力需求强、劳动强度大以及成本高等问题,该研究基于西兰花的农艺特性与形态特征设计了一种西兰花选择性采收作业平台,旨在能够实现对西兰花的自主识别切割作业。首先,该平台采用“识别-采收”一体化作业模式,通过对采收作业平台的关键部件进行设计与选型,建立了西兰花的视觉识别系统和定心切割机构。其次,根据西兰花茎秆与割刀之间的相互作用关系,采用对数螺线作为切割曲线设计了一种等滑切角割刀,确定了割刀滑切角40o、切割半径135 mm、割刀长度260 mm等关键切割参数。根据西兰花茎秆的材料属性参数,基于ANSYS Workbench/LS-DYNA软件对茎秆切割过程进行显式动力学仿真分析,以割刀刃角和转速为控制因子,以最大切割力为试验指标,利用正交试验优化设计,确定了茎秆切割过程的最优参数组合为割刀刃角20°、转速1 rad/s,在此参数下最大切割力为725.82 N,切割质量较优。最后,对采收作业平台进行性能试验,结果表明视觉系统能够有效识别自然环境下的成熟西兰花植株,检测效果良好;定心切割机构可快速平稳的切入并切断西兰花茎秆,切断表面平整光滑;采收作业平台整体漏收率在10%以下、检测准确率为90%、切茎合格率为88.9%,可满足西兰花选择性采收的作业需求。本研究可为西兰花选择性采收作业装备的设计开发提供理论参考和实际借鉴。     

双壳贝类营养需求及人工饵料的研究进展

工厂化养殖是未来贝类产业可持续发展的必然趋势。由于微藻的培养容易受到气温、光照等自然环境条件的影响,而且占用大量水体,因此研发双壳贝类人工饵料已成为贝类工厂化养殖的关键因素。本文简述了蛋白质、脂类和碳水化合物对双壳贝类生长、繁殖及免疫的影响,详细叙述了微藻干粉、大型海藻处理物、酵母、微粒饲料、液态微胶囊饲料和固态微胶囊饲料6种人工饵料的研究进展,以期为研发新型的双壳贝类人工饵料及开展工厂化养殖提供依据。     

Concentrations of macro- and micro-elements in the milk of pasture-fed thoroughbred mares

OBJECTIVE: To determine the changes in Ca, P, Mg, Na, K, S, Cu, Fe and Zn concentrations of milk during the lactation in pasture-fed Thoroughbred mares and then calculate the dietary mineral requirements of the sucking foal and the lactating mare. PROCEDURE: Milk was sampled on days 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, 28 and at various times between 55 to 65, 85 to 95 and 135 to 150 days after parturition from 21 pasture-fed mares. The concentrations of macro- and micro-elements in the milk were determined by inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry. RESULTS: Concentrations (mg/L) of these elements were highest in colostrum (Mg 302, Na 561, K 955, S 1035, Cu 0.76, Fe 0.79 and Zn 5.5) except for Ca (1245) and P (895), which where highest on day 7. The mean milk mineral element concentrations (mg/L) over days 55 to 150 were Ca 843, P 543, Mg 47, Na 120, K 590, S 219, Cu 0.19, Fe 0.34 and Zn 2.1. The mean plasma element concentrations (mg/L) over the same period were Ca 120, P 77.1, Mg 17.0, Na 3110, K 168, S 983, Cu 1.1, Fe 1.5 and Zn 0.49. Concentration gradients between plasma and milk were observed and, in the case of Ca, P, Mg, K and Zn, their concentrations in milk were greater than those in plasma, while a reverse situation was observed for Na, S, Cu and Fe. CONCLUSION: With the exception of Ca and P, the highest concentrations of mineral elements were observed in the colostrum. The nursing foal should have access to good pasture or creep feed, because the intakes of Ca, P and Cu from milk may be less than optimum to meet the daily mineral element requirements.     

奶牛营养平衡与需要量

随着我国奶牛业的快速发展,奶牛对日粮营养平衡的要求越来越高,而正确理解奶牛的营养需要对制定营养平衡的日粮配方非常重要。本文主要从能量、蛋白质、纤维、矿物质和维生素方面探讨奶牛的适宜营养需要量。     

Herbicide research and development: challenges and opportunities

The high adoption of chemical weed control and the broad range of solutions already available to manage most weed problems are significant hurdles to the development and launch of new herbicides. Business potentials are influenced by the high technical and biological standards provided by existing herbicides, as well as the intense competition in the marketplace. Other factors adding complexity are agronomic, structural and technological changes, including the introduction of herbicide‐tolerant crops, and the high costs of development for new active ingredients, mainly due to increasing regulatory requirements. In the light of increasing weed resistance to widely used herbicides, securing diversity in agronomy as well as weed management is a key to efficient crop production in future. In order to support this objective, new herbicides, preferably with new modes‐of‐action, will need to be discovered and developed.     

乡村园林景观规划存在的问题及设计要求

总结了传统乡土园林的主要特点及景观范畴,分析了存在的问题,并提出设计要求,以期为乡村园林景观规划提供参考。     

Response of Cotton to Irrigation Methods and Nitrogen Fertilization: Yield Components,Water‐Use Efficiency,Nitrogen Uptake,and Recovery

Efficient crop use of nitrogen (N) fertilizer is critical from economic and environmental viewpoints, especially under irrigated conditions. Cotton yield parameters, fiber quality, water‐ and N‐use efficiency responses to N, and irrigation methods in northern Syria were evaluated. Field trials were conducted for two growing seasons on a Chromoxerertic Rhodoxeralf. Treatments consisted of drip fertigation, furrow irrigation, and five different rates of N fertilizer (50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 kg N /ha). Cotton was irrigated when soil moisture in the specified active root depth was 80% of the field capacity as indicated by the neutron probe.

Seed cotton yield was higher than the national average (3,928 kg/ha) by at least 12% as compared to all treatments. Lint properties were not negatively affected by the irrigation method or N rates. Water savings under drip fertigation ranged between 25 and 50% of irrigation water relative to furrow irrigation. Crop water‐use efficiencies of the drip‐fertigated treatments were in most cases 100% higher than those of the corresponding furrow‐irrigated treatments. The highest water demand was during the fruit‐setting growth stage. It was also concluded that under drip fertigation, 100–150 N kg/ha was adequate and comparable with the highest N rates tested under furrow irrigation regarding lint yield, N uptake, and recovery. Based on cotton seed yield and weight of stems, the overall amount of N removed from the field for the drip‐fertigated treatments ranged between 101 and 118kg and 116 and 188 N/ha for 2001 and 2002, respectively. The N removal ranged between 94 and 113 and 111 and 144 kg N/ha for the furrow‐irrigated treatments for 2001 and 2002, respectively.     

Rootstock influence on ‘delicious’ and ‘golden delicious’ apple fruit quality at harvest and after storage

The influence of 9 rootstocks (M2, M7, M25, M26, MM104, MM106, MM109, MM111 and seedling) on fruit quality at harvest and after storage of ‘Wellspur Delicious’ (WS) and ‘Goldspur’ (GS), and of 3 rootstocks (M7, M26 and MM106) on fruit quality of ‘Red King Delicious’ (RK) and ‘Golden Delicious’ (GD) apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) was evaluated during a 4-year period. Fruits from trees on M26 were larger, developed earlier color and soluble solids (SS), and maintained higher levels of acidity (at harvest and during storage) in comparison with other rootstocks. Fruit from trees on M2 tended to have high SS. Fruit color from trees on MM104, MM106 and MM109 tended to be comparatively poor. There were significant rootstock effects on SS, starch, acidity, color, circumference, weight and box size.