有机肥替代部分化肥对葡萄生长和果实品质的影响

为减少葡萄园化肥的施用量,从而改良土壤和提高果实品质,试验以5年生户太八号葡萄为试验材料,研究1 t/666.7m2、3 t/666.7m2、5 t/666.7m2和7 t/666.7m2有机肥处理对土壤理化性质、树体生长发育及果实品质的影响。有机肥替代部分化肥与单施化肥相比可以提高土壤透气性,降低土壤pH值,改善土壤微环境。与单独施用100 kg/666.7m2硫酸钾复合肥相比,用5 t/666.7m2有机肥替代50 kg/666.7m2硫酸钾复合肥的处理土壤有机质含量、全氮、速效磷和速效钾含量分别显著提高了30.98%、16.79%、43.04%和19.08%,枝条长度、粗度及叶绿素含量分别增加11.46%、7.27%和6.45%,葡萄穗重、单粒重、硬度、可溶性固形物、可溶性糖分别提高了19.19%、8.31%、17.90%、8.49%、8.26%,可滴定酸含量降低了12.24%。综合分析认为5 t/666.7m2有机肥替代50 kg/666.7m2硫酸钾复合肥的处理效果较好,适宜在陕西地区推广应用。     

农五师葡萄钾素动态变化及调节措施研究

通过叶分析研究了不同葡萄品种叶柄全钾5～9月含量动态变化规律.结果表明:葡萄叶柄钾含量在生育期内整体呈波浪式下降趋势,前期下降迅速,中期平缓,进入浆果成熟期后又趋于下降；强势品种在整个生长季节内对钾的吸收大于弱势品种；早熟品种叶柄内钾含量变化趋势比晚熟品种提前.根据新疆农五师葡萄园区土壤有效钾含量分布现状,建议生产中应根据葡萄钾元素动态变化特点,不同团场应结合当地土壤有效钾含量相应补充.     

Comparison of phenolic profiles and antioxidant activities in skins and pulps of eleven grape cultivars(Vitis vinifera L.)

Eleven grape cultivars were analysed to explore the variety differences of fresh grape phenolic profiles. The results showed that free phenolics were predominant in grape skins and pulps, and showed the higher antioxidant activities than bound. In 11 cultivars, Muscat Kyoho extracts had the highest total phenolic content in skins(10.525 mg GAE g~(–1) FW) and pulps(1.134 mg GAE g~(–1) FW), and exhibited the highest DPPH radical scavening capacity(EC_(50)=11.7 μg mL~(–1)) and oxygen radical absorbance capacity(ORAC) value(190.57 μmol TE g~(–1) FW) of free phenolic in skin. In addition, the most abundant phenolics in grape skins were found to be flavonoids such as kaempferol in Kyoho skin(541.2 μg g~(–1) FW), rutin, catechin and epicatechin in Muscat Kyoho skin(262.3, 86.3 and 70.0 μg g~(–1) FW, respectively). Furthermore, the principal component analysis showed a strong difference of phenolic profiles with the cultivars, existing forms and distributions. Pearson correlation coefficient analysis showed a significant linear correlation between total phenolic content and antioxidant activity(P0.05). Therefore, both skins and pulps were rich sources of bioactive phenolic compounds, and Muscat Kyoho was the ideal source among all samples.     

葡萄种植中土石分离混料机的设计——基于TRIZ理论

针对宁夏贺兰山东麓葡萄种植基地,葡萄种植定值沟的挖掘作业步骤繁琐、耗费时间长,劳动强度大、工作效率低等现状,基于TRIZ理论并运用技术矛盾冲突设计了土石分离混料机。该机是集土石分离、土壤与农家肥混合并回填定植沟等作业同步进行的机械设备,彻底改变了人工捡石、施肥、旋耕、机械挖掘等传统的作业模式,大大节省了人力、物力,并提高了葡萄种植定植沟挖掘作业的工作效率。     

Effects of the severity and timing of basal leaf removal on the amino acids profiles of Sauvignon Blanc grapes and wines

The effects of the severity and timing of leaf removal(LR) on the amino acids of Sauvignon Blanc grapes and wines were studied during the 2017 growing season. High-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) was used to analyze the amino acids profiles of grape berries and wines. The basal leaves were removed at three time points(40, 56 and 72 days after flowering, named LR40, LR56 and LR72, respectively) at two severity levels(one at which the first, third, and fifth basal leaves of each shoot were removed(50% level); and another at which the first six basal leaves were removed(100% level)). The results showed that leaf removal had little impact on total soluble solids(°Brix), titratable acidity, pH or berry weight. The LR72-50% treated grapes had higher berry weight, titratable acidity and °Brix than those of the other treatments. The highest concentrations of total amino acids and of total amino acids except proline were detected in LR72-50% treated grapes(2 952.58 and 2 764.36 mg L~(-1), respectively); the lowest were detected in LR72-100% treated grapes(2 172.82 and 2 038.71 mg L~(-1), respectively). LR72-50% treatment significantly promoted the synthesis of aspartic acid, serine, arginine, alanine, aminobutyric acid and proline at both severity levels for grapes, the concentrations of all of these amino acids were increased relative to the control concentrations. The LR72-50%, LR40-100% and LR72-100% treated wines had higher total amino acids concentrations and higher concentrations of some individual amino acids, such as arginine, alanine and serine, than did the control wines. Of all the amino acids studied, glycine, tyrosine, cysteine, methionine and lysine were not significantly influenced by the timing or severity basal defoliation in grapes and wines. The present study reveals the effects of the timing and severity of leaf removal on the amino acids profiles of grapes and wines.     

闽台葡萄种植关键技术比较与合作思考

以2011年5月16日中国农学会葡萄分会和台湾21世纪农业发展基金会在福建省福安市召开的海峡两岸葡萄科技合作恳谈会为契机,总结比较了闽台葡萄种植的五项关键性技术,并对闽台葡萄产业的合作发展提出建议。     

In vitro rumen fermentation and digestibility of buffaloes as influenced by grape pomace powder and urea treated rice straw supplementation

This study aimed to investigate the effect of grape pomace powder levels and roughage sources on gas kinetics, digestibility and fermentation of swamp buffaloes by using in vitro techniques. The experimental design was a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design. Factor A was two sources of roughage (untreated rice straw, RS, and 3% urea treated rice straw, UTRS) and factor B was four levels of grape pomace powder (GPP) supplementation (0, 2, 4, 6% of substrate) on a dry matter basis. Results revealed that GPP supplementation at 2, 4 and 6% of substrate influenced gas kinetics. Cumulative gas production tended to be lower in the supplemented group. In vitro true digestibility was higher in the GPP supplementation at 2% with UTRS while microbial mass was higher in the supplemented groups. Supplementation of GPP significantly increased the total volatile fatty acids, especially propionate. Calculated methane production was subsequently decreased in the supplemented groups. Bacterial population was higher while protozoal population was lower by GPP supplementation. It could be concluded that supplementation of GPP at 2% of the substrate with UTRS improved in vitro true digestibility, rumen fermentation end‐products as well as reducing methane production.     

“破眠3号”促进一年两熟葡萄结果母枝萌芽试验初报

针对桂南地区鲜食葡萄生产一年两熟茬果的结果母枝萌芽率低和萌芽不整齐的现状,利用广西农科院园艺研究所、南方葡萄研究中心研制成功的外源调节剂"破眠3号"对巨峰、无核早红、户太一8、巨玫瑰、V28葡萄品种结果的母枝进行短截后施药催芽试验。结果表明,夏茬果以破眠3号20倍药液比30倍液萌芽率分别高11.61%、5.19%、5.79%、6.60%和13.18%,比对照分别高17.95%、22.18%、26.65%、28.46%和30.99%。冬茬果以破眠3号20倍药液催芽的萌芽率比30倍分别高9.48%、1.29%、6.14%、2.65%和3.53%,比对照分别高69.76%、56.28%6、1.67%、64.22%和68.09%。有利于促进桂南地区葡萄一年两熟生产的进一步提高和发展。     

酿酒葡萄延迟栽培方式的研究

利用西昌地区丰富的光热资源，以3年生真芳德和梅尔诺为试材，2000年在西昌正大葡萄试验园进行了酿酒葡萄延迟栽培的研究。摘除一次花序，对新梢分别在花后20、40、60、80d进行中梢修剪，逼迫冬芽萌发结果。结果表明：真芳德具有较强的冬芽副梢结果能力。在延迟栽培条件下，两品种的果实成熟期可推迟到11月上中旬。单株产量、果实可溶性固形物含量和总糖的最大值均出现在花后60d的处理中；各处理滴定酸均高于对照；出汁率随处理时间延迟而降低。两品种花后40、60和80d处理的果实黑痘病和白腐病的发生均低于对照。冬芽副梢成熟度良好。结果表明，延迟栽培能够有效调节葡萄成熟期并改善原料质量，但同时也造成产量的下降和生产周期的加长。     

葡萄组培苗瓶外生根技术研究

采用不同种类和浓度的生长素诱导葡萄组培苗瓶外生根，并观察组培苗在不同处理基质、不同的温度、不同的生理年龄条件下生根的效果。通过优化技术参数，建立了葡萄组培苗瓶接生根的技术优化体系，结果表明，用浓度为0.3mg/L的IBA浸蘸处理的插条，在温度为27~29℃的环境条件下在基质珍珠岩上培养，瓶苗茎段的生根率可达85.5 %，移栽后苗木的成活率达98 %，相对于其他方法有了较大的提高。该技术的建立有助于实现葡萄工厂化育苗技术的商业化扩大。