浅论葡萄原料基地建立的必要性

对国内葡萄酒市场状况进行了分析 ,认为我国加入 WTO(世贸组织 )在即 ,中国的葡萄酒市场即将向世界开放。面对着机遇与挑战 ,我国的葡萄酒酿造业及其相关产业应发展高档葡萄酒 ,建立自己的葡萄原料生产基地 ,适当地、部分地实现葡萄酒的产地化、类别化和年份化。同时还指出葡萄酒的生产必须以市场为中心 ,生产出适应中国国情、具有世界高水平的产品     

Multiple effects of grape seed polyphenolics to prevent metabolic diseases

Obesity is increasing in developing countries. Population studies show a relationship between affluence and obesity. Changing food intake patterns with affluence such as preference for foods with less astringent polyphenolic compounds and dietary fibers may increase risk of metabolic dysfunctions due to caloric imbalance. Animal models of obesity consistently show that grape seed procyanidins prevent increases in body and abdo- minal adipose weight gain, plasma cholesterol, liver weight gain and inflammation in animals on high fat diets. The mechanisms are not clear because the oral intake of procyanidins results in pleiotropic interactions with proteins in the mouth, stomach, small intestine, cecum and colon that affect the rate of digestion of bioavailability of macronutrients, sterols, and dietary fiber. Procyanidins also bind bile acids and reduce intestinal permeability to inflammatory bacterial cell wall fragment. Procyanidins are not degraded or metabolized until reaching the lower gut where they can be metabolized into phenolic acids by gut bacteria. While they are metabolized by gut bacteria, they also alter total numbers and distribution of phyla and species of gut bacteria. Gut bacteria are recognized as significant contributors to obesity and obesity related metabolic diseases. The review examines the different pleiotropic effects of grape seed procyanidins that have a significant effect on metabolic disease in animal models of obesity.     

新疆木纳格葡萄的丰产栽培

木纳格葡萄属欧亚种,具有品质优、耐贮运,晚熟等诸多优良特性,新疆自治区许多地、州广为栽培,是新疆主要的鲜食品种之一,具有良好的发展前景,本文就其丰产栽培技术做一简要的概述。     

不同灌水处理对克瑞森无核葡萄光合特性及果实品质的影响

[目的]研究滴灌条件下不同灌水处理对克瑞森无核葡萄光合特性及果实品质的影响。[方法]运用开放式气体交换CI-340便携式光合测定系统,研究了克瑞森无核葡萄在不同灌水处理下净光合速率（Pn）、蒸腾速率（E）、气孔导度（C）、细胞间CO2浓度（InTCO2）及水分利用效率（WUE）的变化规律;通过果实品质测定试验,研究了不同灌水量对果实品质的影响。[结果]克瑞森无核葡萄在不同灌水条件下Pn年变化均呈先升高后降低的趋势,在年灌水量为6 750 m3/hm2时,年平均Pn为13.19μmol/（m2.s）,而年灌水量为4 500m3/hm2时,年平均Pn为11.66μmol/（m2.s）,提高了11.6%;E也是灌水多高于灌水少,年平均分别为4.18和2.91 mmol/（m2.s）,提高了30.5%;WUE则不同,灌水多低于灌水少,分别为3.13和3.97 mmolCO2/mol H2O,降低了26.9%。[结论]在灌水多时克瑞森无核葡萄Pn升高,但E也明显增大;在灌水少时,虽然Pn有所减小,但E大幅度减小,WUE显著提高。表明高的土壤水分显著增大了葡萄蒸腾强度,适度干旱则有利于提高葡萄水分利用效率。另外,在适宜的灌水条件下,即稳定了葡萄产量又提高了果实品质。     

钙肥不同用量对巨峰葡萄产量及品质的影响

巨峰葡萄是南阳鲜食葡萄的品种之一,由于管理技术、营养供应等多方面的原因,葡萄的果实品质与国外同类产品相比存在较大差距,主要表现为果实较软、生理病害严重、耐贮性不足等问题。在巨峰葡萄果实膨大期和成熟后期分别对叶面和果穗同时喷施不同浓度的钙肥(卡利奥钙肥),分析了葡萄产量及果实品质相关性状的变化。结果表明,除可滴定酸和对照相比变化不显著外,增施钙肥能显著提高葡萄果实品质和产量指标;其中稀释3 000倍液对葡萄果实品质和产量提高效果最好,果实中钙、花青素、Vc含量、可溶性固形物含量、单株穗数、单穗重和亩产量分别比对照增加29.1%、20.9%、40.2%、1.2%、5.0%、23.6%、25.6%,葡萄的裂果率较对照降低25.9%。以上结果说明,叶面和果穗合理增施钙料可有效的提高葡萄果实品质及产量。     

葡萄籽中原花青素的稳定性研究

研究了葡萄籽中原花青素在不同条件下的稳定性。结果表明:原花青素光稳定性较差;低pH值稳定性较好;热稳定性较好,但在60℃以上温度时原花青素会受到一定影响;添加剂Vc、亚硫酸氢钠可提高葡萄籽原花青素的稳定性;Fe2 和Sn2 对原花青素有明显的破坏作用,Cu2 ,Pb2 ,Mn2 对原花青素影响较小,A l3 ,Zn2 ,Na 、Mg2 原花青素影响较大。     

高温胁迫对无核白鸡心和无核翠宝葡萄叶片光合及荧光特性的影响

【目的】分析不同光温条件下无核白鸡心和无核翠宝葡萄光合特性与荧光特性的变化,研究高温胁迫对无核白鸡心和无核翠宝葡萄光合作用的影响,以及高温对无核白鸡心和无核翠宝葡萄光合特性的影响。【方法】以无核白鸡心和无核翠宝葡萄为材料,采用LI-6400,FMS-2等仪器测定光合指标,分析高温胁迫对无核白鸡心和无核翠宝葡萄光合作用的影响。【结果】2020年葡萄生长发育期（4~9月）,高温环境的日最高温度43℃,日最高温超过40 ℃的天数为16 d;适温环境的日最高温仅38 ℃。高温环境与适温环境最高PAR光辐射强度值分别为1 887 和1 730 µmol/（m²·s）;2个品种的净光合速率日变化均呈双峰曲线,在10：00时高温环境Pn高达18.9 µmol/（m²·s）,高于适温环境13.0 µmol/（m²·s）。无核白鸡心在适温环境下光补偿点较高,无核翠宝在高温环境光补偿点较高;2个品种表观量子效率和暗呼吸速率在高温环境较高。无核翠宝qP和NPQ值在高温环境中高于适宜环境;无核白鸡心在高温环境中ΦPSⅡ值和电子传递速率值高于适宜环境。【结论】无核白鸡心在高温环境净光合速率最高,光合能力表现较好,长期在高温环境下生长已经适应高温。     

Laboratory and field comparisons of insecticides to reduce infestation of Drosophila suzukii in berry crops

BACKGROUND: The spotted wing Drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura, 1931) (Diptera: Drosophilidae), is an invasive pest of small‐fruit crops. Unlike most other Drosophila, this insect is able to oviposit into and damage ripe and ripening fruit, making it unmarketable. Because this is a new pest in the United States, it is necessary to identify registered insecticides to manage this insect effectively in conventional and organic production systems. RESULTS: The present laboratory bioassays and field trials identified a number of insecticides representing various modes of action that are effective in controlling D. suzukii. Products that performed well in the laboratory bioassay also performed well in the field, indicating that screening of new chemistries in the laboratory is a worthy exercise. Field application of pyrethoids, organophosphates or spinosyns provided 5–14 days of residual control of D. suzukii. The efficacy of the neonicotinoids as adulticides was not satisfactory compared with the other contact‐mode‐of‐action chemistries. Based on the zero tolerance by the small‐fruit industry and the individual effects mentioned above, neonicotinoids are not currently recommended for D. suzukii management. CONCLUSIONS: There are effective insecticides registered for controlling D. suzukii infestations in susceptible small‐fruit crops. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Comparison of foliar and soil formulations of neonicotinoid insecticides for control of potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Homoptera: Cicadellidae), in wine grapes

BACKGROUND: The potential of systemic neonicotinoid insecticides to control potato leafhopper, Empoasca fabae (Harris), a damaging pest of wine grapes in the eastern United States, was investigated. Soil or foliar applications were made to potted or field‐grown vines, and the response of leafhoppers was determined in clip cages over the following month on young or mature leaves. RESULTS: Foliar application of imidacloprid caused immediate and long‐lasting reductions in E. fabae survival on both leaf ages, whereas the activity of soil‐applied imidacloprid was delayed. Clothianidin, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam all provided long‐lasting reduction in leafhopper survival on young and mature foliage when applied through either delivery route. However, the percentage of moribund nymphs was significantly greater on foliar‐treated vines and increased over time in mature and immature leaves compared with soil‐treated vines. Residue analysis of foliar‐applied imidacloprid showed an 89% decline in mature leaves from day 1 to day 27, and a 98% decline in immature leaves over the same time period. Comparison of soil‐applied clothianidin, imidacloprid and thiamethoxam in field‐grown vines showed significant reduction in E. fabae only on mature leaves of vines treated with thiamethoxam. CONCLUSIONS: Neonicotinoids can control E. fabae in small vines, even in rapidly expanding foliage where this pest causes greatest injury. Soil application provides superior long‐term vine protection because declining residues on foliar‐treated vines lead to suboptimal activity within 2–3 weeks. Vineyard managers of susceptible cultivars may take advantage of this approach to E. fabae management by using foliar applications of the three neonicotinoids tested here, or by using soil‐applied thiamethoxam. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

葡萄灰霉病生防芽胞杆菌的筛选与防效评价

本研究从新疆、山东及河北等地区采集的健康葡萄根际土壤中分离生防菌,以葡萄灰霉病菌Botrytis cinerea为靶标菌,通过平板对峙试验、葡萄叶片和果实上的离体抑菌试验,筛选获得4株生防菌BF1-1、BF2-1、BF3-1和BF4-1具有较好的拮抗作用,经形态学和分子生物学方法分别鉴定为地衣芽胞杆菌Bacillus licheniformis、解淀粉芽胞杆菌B.amyloliquefaciens、枯草芽胞杆菌B.subtilis和蜡样芽胞杆菌B.cereus;4株生防菌所制成的生物菌肥,对葡萄灰霉病的田间防效可达到66.50%～85.68%,具有开发应用潜力。