Rheology of concentrated xanthan gum solutions: Steady shear flow behavior

Using a strain-controlled rheometer, the steady shear flow properties of aqueous xanthan gum solutions of different concentrations were measured over a wide range of shear rates. In this article, both the shear rate and concentration dependencies of steady shear flow behavior are reported from the experimentally obtained data. The viscous behavior is quantitatively discussed using a well-known power law type flow equation with a special emphasis on its importance in industrial processing and actual usage. In addition, several inelastic-viscoplastic flow models including a yield stress parameter are employed to make a quantitative evaluation of the steady shear flow behavior, and then the applicability of these models is also examined in detail. Finally, the elastic nature is explained with a brief comment on its practical significance. Main results obtained from this study can be summarized as follows: (1) Concentrated xanthan gum solutions exhibit a finite magnitude of yield stress. This may come from the fact that a large number of hydrogen bonds in the helix structure result in a stable configuration that can show a resistance to flow. (2) Concentrated xanthan gum solutions show a marked non-Newtonian shear-thinning behavior which is well described by a power law flow equation and may be interpreted in terms of the conformational status of the polymer molecules under the influence of shear flow. This rheological feature enhances sensory qualities in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic products and guarantees a high degree of mixability, pumpability, and pourability during their processing and/or actual use. (3) The Herschel-Bulkley, Mizrahi-Berk, and Heinz-Casson models are all applicable and have equivalent ability to describe the steady shear flow behavior of concentrated xanthan gum solutions, whereas both the Bingham and Casson models do not give a good applicability. (4) Concentrated xanthan gum solutions exhibit a quite important elastic flow behavior which acts as a significant factor for many industrial applications such as food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic manufacturing processes.     

枫香杉木混交林生产力及生态特性

枫香杉木混交林的生产力及生态特性研究表明,枫香与杉木混交种间关系协调,林分生长量和生产力较高,林分空间分布格局合理,可以调节林分小气候,改善土壤理化性状,提高土壤微生物数量和土壤酶活性,从而促进林木生长,是一种较好的混交组织。营造枫香杉木混交林是改造杉木低产林、防治地力衰退及扩大优良乡土阔叶树种植范围的有效途径之一,值得推广应用。表７参１２     

班皮桉及其近邻树种CCR基因分子变异分析

选取伞房属班皮桉及其近邻树种共5部类16个样本提取基因组DNA,用2对引物进行PCR扩增,采用凝胶直接纯化,改进测序反应后测序.以Eucalyptus gunniiCCR作对照,通过ClustalW进行比对分析序列变异和MEGA 3进行系统进化分析.结果显示:在所得到的伞房属16个样本CCR序列中,A,C,G和T 4种核苷酸所占比例分别为24.92%,23.18%,23.22%和28.67%,A T含量明显高于G C.共发现292个变异位点,占分析位点总数的9.71%,变异除118个转换和97个颠换外,有93个位点的插入/缺失,其中简约信息位点185个,占63.36%.部分变异位点重叠.转换与颠换比值为1.22∶1.00.CCR系统发育树显示:E.gunnii是一个单独分枝,5部类亲缘可以分辨开来,Rufaria尤其明显.Rufaria最早产生分歧,其次是Ochraria和Cadagaria,Blakearia分歧属最迟进化.     

Effect of ingredient particle sizes and dietary viscosity on digestion and faecal waste of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus)

The ingredients’ particle size and dietary viscosity may alter digestion, performance and faecal waste management of fish. This study aimed to assess the effect of grinding screen sizes of feed ingredients and dietary viscosity on digestibility, faecal waste and performance of striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus, Sauvage, 1878). The experiment had a 2 × 3 factorial‐design: two feed mesh particle sizes, by grinding ingredient mixtures at two screen sizes (0.8 versus 1.0 mm); and three dietary viscosity levels, created by exchanging carboxymethylcellulose by guar gum (GG) (0, 3 and 6 g of GG/kg of diet). Six diets were assigned to 18 tanks, each connected to three faecal settling tanks. All aquaria were stocked with 20 fish (82 g per fish). After 52 experimental days, dietary viscosity negatively affected both feed digestibility and performance of striped catfish; as a result, the amount of organic matter in the culture system through faeces had increased significantly. The coarse diets significantly increased the digestibility of dry matter and carbohydrate but worsened feed conversion ratio. Increasing dietary viscosity tended to increase the viscosity and moisture content of the faeces, but significantly accelerated the faecal disintegration through the reduction of both faecal recovery and the amount of recovered faeces.     

魔芋胶对猪肉肌原纤维蛋白凝胶特性和保水特性的调控机制:基于相分离行为和水相稳定

【目的】研究魔芋胶对猪肉肌原纤维蛋白微观结构和相分离结构的影响,进而阐释魔芋胶对肌原纤维蛋白凝胶特性和保水特性的调控机制,为魔芋胶在低脂香肠中的应用提供理论支撑。【方法】试验以添加不同比例魔芋胶-肌原纤维蛋白为模拟体系,测定模拟体系的质构和发生断裂形变时的应力应变、复合凝胶的水分分布和持水力,观察魔芋胶和肌原纤维蛋白的相分离行为以及肌原纤维蛋白凝胶网络的微观结构。【结果】当魔芋胶的添加比例<0.8%时,随着添加比例的提高,复合蛋白凝胶的凝胶强度、储能模量终值和发生断裂形变时的应力分别显著提高到179.21 g、1 192 Pa和9 139.37 Pa(P<0.05)。当魔芋胶添加比例≥0.8%时,随着添加比例的提高,复合蛋白凝胶的凝胶强度、储能模量、断裂形变时的应力和应变分别显著降至83.03 g、566 Pa、4 964.07 Pa和0.64(P<0.05)。低场核磁结果显示在魔芋胶添加比例<0.8%时,复合凝胶体系不易流动水的弛豫时间和自由水所占百分比随添加比例的提高显著降低（P<0.05）,而不易流动水所占百分比显著提高（P<0.05）,同时复...     

湿地松林分产脂量表的编制

以193株采割松脂的湿地松为材料，每株用105个单刀的产脂量．共2万余个数据为基础．经分析计算得出胸径和冠幅是影响湿地松产脂量的主导因子．并以胸径和冠幅、胸径为解释变量，分别求出湿地松林分产脂量的预测模型．编制出湿地松一元、二元产脂量表．经检验平均误差均小于±3．5％．     

黄原胶与卡拉胶复配在果冻中的应用研究

采用单因素及正交试验,研究黄原胶和卡拉胶复配制作果冻的工艺和配方。结果表明：黄原胶与卡拉胶按1∶10复配在果冻中的应用较佳,最佳果冻配方为：黄原胶添加量0.1%,卡拉胶添加量1.0%、白砂糖18%、柠檬酸0.10%、青苹果汁3.0%,做出的果冻色泽均匀、半透明,组织状态良好、口感细腻。     

氯化钠和氯化钙对玉米淀粉-瓜尔胶复配体系的影响

通过测定分析玉米淀粉-瓜尔胶复配体系在有无氯化钠和氯化钙存在条件下的糊化特性、动态与静态流变学特性,研究氯化钠和氯化钙对玉米淀粉-瓜尔胶复配体系的影响。结果表明,氯化钠和氯化钙的加入,提高了玉米淀粉-瓜尔胶复配体系的成糊温度,降低了崩解值和回升值,峰值黏度也略微下降;玉米淀粉-瓜尔胶复配体系的弹性模量G′值显著减小,黏性模量G″值的频率依赖性较大;氯化钠和氯化钙使玉米淀粉-瓜尔胶复配体系的假塑性增强,且氯化钙的作用大于氯化钠。     

利用谷氨酰胺转氨酶和结冷胶提高鱼丸凝胶强度的研究

用磷酸盐提高鱼丸凝胶强度的效果显著,但根据GB2760规定,用量有限。采用谷氨酰胺转氨酶(TG酶)和结冷胶替代磷酸盐,优化配方为:谷氨酰胺转氨酶添加量为0.4%,结冷胶添加量为0.5%,产品的凝胶强度达到使用磷酸盐的1.9倍。     

亚麻胶提取工艺的研究

以亚麻籽为原料,利用浸提工艺和喷雾干燥工艺制备亚麻胶的过程,分别考察了提取温度、浸提时间、洗胶次数、总料液比对提取率的影响,并通过单因素和正交试验确定了亚麻胶最佳提取工艺条件:洗胶次数为4次、浸提温度为80℃、浸提时间为1 h、总料液比为1∶4,该条件下亚麻胶的量可达8.307 g.