渐开线圆柱齿轮的制造偏差对其工作性能的影响

以现行“渐开线圆柱齿轮强度计算方法”国标为基础,结合齿轮制造及应用实际,分析论述了各种常见制造偏差对齿轮承载能力及其它性能指标的影响;同时,给出了诸项因素定量评价方法,有助于遇到工程实际问题时进行快速分析和判定。     

工程机械FNN换挡控制系统的改进

系统地介绍了工程车辆模糊神经网络(FNN)换挡控制的后续研究。针对原系统神经网络训练收敛速度慢、挡位决策时间长的问题，在仔细分析原控制系统缺陷的基础上，对系统中的挡位决策信息进行了研究。主要的改进工作包括训练样本的评价准则、按工况分离方法、输入与排序、表示方法等，最后改进了控制程序，并且给出了改进前、后系统性能对比试验的结果。     

河北省棉花战略东移存在的主要问题及对策

为保障粮食产业安全,缓解粮棉争地矛盾,分析了促进棉花生产向滨海盐碱地转移的重大意义和优势条件,探讨了其中存在的主要问题及相应的解决对策。提出加大资金投入,集中连片平整土地、构筑台田、沟渠相通排水淋盐等土地治理措施是棉花生产战略东移的前提;搭建平台、聚集人才、组建专项科技团队,解决不同类型盐碱地棉花生产关键技术问题是棉花战略东移的基础;形成适宜规模化种植、机械化管理的现代化植棉技术体系,是支撑棉花生产战略东移的关键;创新棉花产业化经营体制,组建棉花专业协会,市场化运作,稳定提高农民植棉收入预期,是环渤海盐碱地棉花生产持续发展的保障。     

珠海“蟹夹”渔具的调查分析

根据“蟹夹”的渔具结构和捕捞原理,将其定名为漂流延绳弹夹笼壶。介绍了“蟹夹”的捕捞对象和作业方式,对其渔具性能进行了分析,对“蟹夹”渔具管理提出了若干意见。     

A role for partially protected areas on coral reefs: maintaining fish diversity?

• 1. Completely banning fishing from coral reefs is now accepted to have significant benefits for marine biodiversity and in many cases, fisheries. However, the benefits of regulating fishing on coral reefs, by restricting the methods used, or the total amount of fishing, are less well understood, even though such regulations are much more likely to be supported by fishermen.
• 2. This study assesses whether banning illegal, destructive fishing methods and reducing the numbers of fishermen visiting from outside an area benefits a coral reef fishery, despite unregulated fishing by local fishermen using non‐destructive methods.
• 3. The abundance, biomass, mean length, and species richness of nine commercially important fish families are compared across ten independent patch reefs inside and outside the 470 km² Menai Bay Conservation Area in Zanzibar, Tanzania.
• 4. Even after taking into account the effect of differences in habitat and the distance between reefs, 61% (±19.7%) more fish species were found in regulated than unregulated reefs. Fish abundance, biomass, and length were not affected, suggesting that banning destructive fishing may improve biodiversity, but that further regulations may be required to improve fish stocks.Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

     

Migration of landlocked brown trout in two Scandinavian streams as revealed from trap data

Abstract –  Anthropogenic barriers that may interfere or prevent fish migration are commonly found in streams throughout the distribution of salmonids. Construction of fish passages in streams is a common solution to this problem. However, the goal with fish passages is often, at least in Scandinavia, to allow Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar L.) and migratory brown trout ( S. trutta L.) to get access to spawning areas above these barriers. Hence, the fish passages may often only be open during the spawning migration of salmonids (late summer to autumn). We present data, on wild brown trout migration, from two trapping systems in two Scandinavian streams showing that intra- and interstream migrations are common throughout the summer and autumn. Moreover, differences in size were found between trap-caught trout and electrofished trout where trapped trout were generally larger than electrofished trout. We suggest that the current regime with fish passages only open parts of the year can have negative effects on populations by depriving trout from the possibility to perform migrations throughout the year.     

North–south contrasts in decadal scale variations in lower trophic-level ecosystems in the Japan Sea

Regional comparisons of interannual variations in springtime lower trophic-level ecosystems were made for northern subarctic regions, and for southern Tsushima Current regions of the Japan Sea, based on archival hydrographic and biological data sets collected from the mid-1960s to the early 1990s. Variations related to the Pacific Decadal Oscillation were detected for plankton biomass in both northern and southern regions, although there were regional differences with respect to mechanisms and timing. Springtime stratification increased after the late 1970s in the north, roughly coinciding with the northern Pacific regime shift in 1976/77. Stratification also increased due to warming in the south in the early 1980s, several years after the 1976/77 regime shift. Responding to the increase in stratification, springtime biomass of phytoplankton and zooplankton increased in the north and decreased in the south. Principal component analysis revealed that hydrographic conditions during spring, rather than winter, determined springtime phytoplankton biomass. In northern regions, spring phytoplankton production may be enhanced by increased light availability, due to mixed layer stabilization. In the south, where background nutrient concentration within the water column was low, increases in stratification were likely to limit nutrient supply to the surface layer, resulting in decreases in phytoplankton production. A positive relationship between phytoplankton and zooplankton biomass suggested bottom-up control of secondary production in northern regions. The nature of the links between phytoplankton and zooplankton production was not clear in southern regions, where hydrographic conditions during winter seemed to be responsible for variations in springtime secondary production.     

Decadal change in abundance of surface migratory myctophid fishes in the Kuroshio region from 1957 to 1994

Decadal change in abundance of surface migratory myctophid fishes was examined in the Kuroshio region of the western North Pacific for the 35 yr from 1957 to 1994 in relation to the Kuroshio regime shift, indicated by changes in its transport volume and sea surface temperature in the early 1970s. Each year, samples were collected from the 0‐ to 1‐m depth layer at night, from January to March, at 83 stations on average. Ten species belonging to five genera occurred. Juveniles [standard length (SL) ≤ 40 mm] and adults (SL > 40 mm) of each species were analysed. In juveniles, Myctophum asperum, M. nitidulum, Symbolophorus evermanni and Centrobranchus brevirostris accounted for 91.1% of the total catch (7419 individuals), while M. nitidulum contributed 82.4% of the total adult catch (494 individuals). The abundance of juvenile S. evermanni, C. brevirostris and M. nitidulum showed prominent peaks in 1971, together with adult M. nitidulum. These peaks corresponded to extraordinarily high zooplankton abundance in the Kuroshio region in 1971, suggesting high recruitment success and low adult mortality in surface migratory myctophids. Smaller changes in abundance in other years were species‐specific, and the fluctuation patterns were mainly explained by year‐to‐year fluctuations in the strength of the Kuroshio and the geographical distribution of each species, i.e. an increased Kuroshio flow volume resulted in an increase in tropical species and a decrease in temperate species, but no change in the pan‐Kuroshio species.     

南海“长笼”渔具调查分析

2004年7月中旬至8月底,笔者主要对海南省、广东省和广西壮族自治区沿海的渔具种类及其分布情况进行补充调查.调查采用现场测定、咨询和访问当地渔民与现场观摩相结合的方法,对每种渔具的渔具结构、作业渔船、作业方法、渔具历史和技术改进等内容进行调查研究[1-2].