水稻根系生物特性与稻田温室气体排放相关性研究

通过湖南双季稻区温室气体排放差异的水稻品种田间试验,研究了不同品种温室气体排放与根系特征的相关性。结果表明,早稻分蘖盛期CH4排放通量与根干重、伤流量均呈显著负相关（P〈0.05）;晚稻CH4排放通量与根伤流量呈极显著负相关（P〈0.01）;早稻N2O排放通量在分蘖盛期与根伤流量相关性极显著（P〈0.01）,在齐穗期与根体积、干重、根伤流量均呈极显著负相关（P〈0.01）;晚稻分蘖盛期,根系干重与体积均与N2O排放通量呈显著正相关（P〈0.05）;齐穗期,根系体积与N2O排放通量呈显著负相关（P〈0.05）;早稻分蘖盛期CO2排放通量与根系干重和根伤流量呈显著正相关关系（P〈0.05）,晚稻齐穗期根系伤流量与CO2排放通量负相关性达到极显著水平（P〈0.01）。因此,根系特性是影响水稻温室气体排放的重要因素。     

流体性质对刮膜式分子蒸馏器上液膜形态的影响

利用高速摄像机对刮膜式分子蒸馏器壁面上的液膜形态进行了研究,实验发现随着进料率和转速的增加,不同物料在蒸发壁面上主要存在4种流动形态：液滴状、股状、不连续液膜和连续均匀液膜,同时测得水、乙醇、质量分数为12%乙二醇溶液、质量分数为50%乙二醇溶液和质量分数为50%丙三醇溶液在不同转速下出现连续均匀薄膜的临界流率。利用高斯过程进行数据预测表明：在一定转速下,临界流率随表面张力的增大而增大,随粘度的增大而减小。     

钉齿式轴流装置脱粒过程高速摄像分析

以自行研制的钉齿式轴流脱粒与分离装置为研究对象,借助高速摄像设备对脱分空间内稻谷的整体运动过程、断穗的运动和脱粒过程以及自由籽粒的运动过程进行了在线拍摄。通过高速摄像图像慢放分析得出：稻谷进入脱分空间后,错综复杂地交织在一起,在旋转钉齿和导向板的共同作用下,稻谷流沿滚筒轴向螺旋向前涌动。脱分空间内断穗的运动轨迹是抛物线,其运动不平稳,速度容易出现波动。单个自由籽粒在无外界干扰时近似作匀速直线运动,运动方向与滚筒轴线方向呈一定夹角。     

Degradability of black carbon and its impact on trace gas fluxes and carbon turnover in paddy soils

Rice paddy soils are characterized by anoxic conditions, anaerobic carbon turnover, and significant emissions of the greenhouse gas methane. A main source for soil organic matter in paddy fields is the rice crop residue that is returned to fields if not burned. We investigated as an alternative treatment the amendment of rice paddies with rice residues that have been charred to black carbon. This treatment might avoid various negative side effects of traditional rice residue treatments. Although charred biomass is seen as almost recalcitrant, its impact on trace gas (CO₂, CH₄) production and emissions in paddy fields has not been studied. We quantified the degradation of black carbon produced from rice husks in four wetland soils in laboratory incubations. In two of the studied soils the addition of carbonised rice husks resulted in a transient increase in carbon mineralisation rates in comparison to control soils without organic matter addition. After almost three years, between 4.4% and 8.5% of the black carbon added was mineralised to CO₂ under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, respectively. The addition of untreated rice husks resulted in a strong increase in carbon mineralisation rates and in the same time period 77%-100% of the added rice husks were mineralised aerobically and 31%-54% anaerobically. The ¹³C-signatures of respired CO₂ gave a direct indication of black carbon mineralisation to CO_2. In field trials we quantified the impact of rice husk black carbon or untreated rice husks on soil respiration and methane emissions. The application of black carbon had no significant effect on soil respiration but significantly enhanced methane emissions in the first rice crop season. The additional methane released accounted for only 0.14% of black carbon added. If the same amount of organic carbon was added as untreated rice husks, 34% of the applied carbon was released as CO₂ and methane in the first season. Furthermore, the addition of fresh harvest residues to paddy fields resulted in a disproportionally high increase in methane emissions. Estimating the carbon budget of the different rice crop residue treatments indicated that charring of rice residues and adding the obtained black carbon to paddy fields instead of incorporating untreated harvest residues may reduce field methane emissions by as much as 80%. Hence, the production of black carbon from rice harvest residues could be a powerful strategy for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions from rice fields.     

户用光伏发电系统设计与研究

针对目前我国新农村建设过程中的实际情况,为使太阳能这一新能源更好的服务于农村电气化建设,以沈阳农村地区为例,根据当地的气象、环境状况及具体负荷情况,进行户用独立光伏发电系统设计,对系统的光伏倾角、光伏电池板、蓄电池、控制器及逆变器等进行了优化的设计与选择,在满足用户供电需求下,尽量减少初始投资,同时归纳了设计过程中应注意的事项。用专业的光伏系统设计软件PVSYST对设计方案进行仿真,对其用户满足率、能量利用率、蓄电池工作状态、经济效益及环境效益进行了详细的分析,验证了设计方案的可行性。     

风力发电相关问题研究

指出了随着我国风力发电市场快速发展,迫切要求风力发电技术的同步发展,对世界风力发电技术的特点及我国风力发电技术存在的问题作了简单阐述,从提高控制系统效率和稳定性方面,探讨了风力发电技术的发展趋势。     

新型螺旋藻酸奶的研制

螺旋藻酸奶是以螺旋藻为原料,采用最佳配方将螺旋藻与酸奶有机结合起来,集营养、保健于一体的高生物活性新型营养保健酸奶。研究螺旋藻酸奶的生产工艺、配方以及产品感官性状、酸度等变化,通过正交试验,确定产品的最佳配方为：螺旋藻添加量4.0%、蔗糖添加量7.0%、发酵剂接种量3.0%、发酵时间4.0h,选用0.3%的黄原胶作为稳...     

Carbon sequestration potential of recommended management practices for paddy soils of China, 1980-2050

China's rice paddies, accounting for 19% of the world's total, play an important role in soil carbon (C) sequestration. In order to reduce uncertainties from upscaling spatial processes of the DeNitrification-DeComposition (DNDC) model for improving the understanding of C sequestration under recommended management practices (RMPs), we parameterized the DNDC model with a 1:1,000,000 polygonal soil database to estimate how RMPs influence potential C sequestration of the top 30 cm of Chinese paddy soils and to identify which management practices have the greatest potential to increase soil organic carbon (SOC) in these soils. These practices include reduced/no tillage, increasing crop residue return, and increasing manure applications. A baseline and eleven RMP scenarios were projected from 2009 to 2080, including traditional and conservation tillage, increasing crop residue return, increasing manure incorporation, and the combination of these practices. The results indicated that C sequestration potential under modeled RMPs increased compared to the baseline scenario, and varied greatly from 29.2 to 847.7 Tg C towards the end of the study period with an average rate of 0.7 to 20.2 Tg C yr^− 1. In general, increasing crop residue return was associated with higher rates of C sequestration when compared to increasing manure application or practicing conservation tillage. The simulations demonstrated that the most effective soil C sequestration strategy probably involves the implementation of a combination of RMPs, and that they vary by location.     

Plant species traits regulate methane production in freshwater wetland soils

Ecosystem and biogeochemical responses to anthropogenic stressors are the result of complex interactions between plants and microbes. A mechanistic understanding of how plant traits influence microbial processes is needed in order to predict the ecosystem-level effects of natural or anthropogenic change. This is particularly true in wetland ecosystems, where plants alter the availability of both electron donors (e.g., organic carbon) and electron acceptors (e.g., oxygen and ferric iron), thereby regulating the total amount of anaerobic respiration and the production of methane, a highly potent greenhouse gas. In this study, we examined how plant traits associated with plant inputs of carbon (photosynthesis and biomass) and oxygen (root porosity and ferric iron on roots) to mineral soils relate to microbial competition for organic carbon and, ultimately, methane production. Plant productivity was positively correlated with microbial respiration and negatively correlated to methane production. Root porosity was relatively constant across plant species, but belowground biomass, total biomass, and the concentration of oxidized (ferric) iron on roots varied significantly between species. As a result the size of the total root oxidized iron pool varied considerably across plant species, scaling with plant productivity. Large pools of oxidized iron were related to high CO₂:CH₄ ratios during microbial respiration, indicating that as plant productivity and biomass increased, microbes used non-methanogenic respiration pathways, most likely including the reduction of iron oxides. Taken together these results suggest that increased oxygen input from plants with greater biomass can offset any potential stimulation of methanogenic microbes from additional carbon inputs. Because the species composition of plant communities influences both electron donor and acceptor availability in wetland soils, changes in plant species as a consequence of anthropogenic disturbance have the potential to trigger profound effects on microbial processes, including changes in anaerobic decomposition rates and the proportion of mineralized carbon emitted as the greenhouse gas methane.     

菌酶协同制备菜籽肽工艺的优化及其营养成分分析

试验旨在考察枯草芽孢杆菌B1与中性蛋白酶协同发酵和酶解处理(简称菌酶协同酵解)制备菜籽肽的最佳工艺条件及对经菌酶酵解后的菜籽粕营养成分的分析。以菜籽肽得率为主要指标,通过对加酶量、发酵温度和料水比等酶解、发酵条件的单因素和正交试验,确定了菜籽肽以菌酶同时添加为最佳制备方式,以枯草芽孢杆菌接种量1.0%、中性蛋白酶添加量150 U/g、料水比1:1.0、发酵温度35℃、发酵时间48 h为最佳菌酶协同酵解条件。在此条件下,菜籽粕中硫代葡萄糖苷(硫苷)的降解率达74.23%,单宁和植酸的降解率分别为31.17%和16.39%。发酵后菜籽粕中粗蛋白含量达41.30%,比发酵前提高1.92%,菜籽肽含量达170.12 mg/g,比发酵前提高了3.7倍,还原糖含量比发酵前提高了57.68%,钙、磷含量分别比发酵前提高了26.83%和11.57%。试验表明,菌酶协同处理的方式对菜籽粕品质的提升有较好作用。