Chemical and nutritional characteristics of Cannabis sativa L. co-products

Cannabis sativa L. is an annual herbaceous plant. It was used for centuries to obtain different products. In the last century, hemp cultivation was forbidden due to the psychoactive effects of tetrahydrocannabinol acid (THCA). In the last years, new strains, characterized by high cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) and low THCA level, were developed renewing the interest in hemp cultivation to obtain food or to extract essential oils from flowers. All these processes produce many residues with different chemical–physical characteristics. In order to evaluate their potential use also in animal nutrition, some hemp co-products were evaluated. Two different co-products of seed processes (flour and oil) and two co-products obtained trimming the flowers, differing in granulometry were used. The samples were analysed for chemical composition and evaluated in vitro using the gas production technique with buffaloes' ruminal inoculum. All hemp co-products showed interesting nutritional characteristics, such as crude protein content always higher than 20% on a dry matter basis, and high neutral detergent fibre concentration partially lignified. The in vitro gas production parameters at 120 h of incubation showed quite low fermentability testified by the low organic matter degradability and cumulative gas volume (OMD from 28.09 to 45.64% and OMCV from 110 to 164 ml/g, respectively). Also, the methane produced after 24 h of incubation was particularly low (from 1.78 to 11.73 ml/g dOM). These results could be due to the high lipid and ash amounts or to the CBDA content that probably affected the CH₄ formation processes. According to preliminary results obtained by this study, it is possible to hypothesize that these co-products could be useful to mitigate the methane production into the rumen. Further studies are necessary in order to evaluate the correct inclusion into the diet for ruminants.     

遗传算法优化超声辅助低共熔溶剂提取红枣总黄酮工艺研究

本文采用一种新型绿色溶剂提取红枣总黄酮,并对其提取工艺进行优化。通过单因素试验探究含水量、超声功率、提取时间、提取温度和料液比对红枣总黄酮得率的影响。在此基础上,采用遗传算法优化超声辅助低共熔溶剂提取红枣总黄酮工艺。结果表明：超声辅助低共熔溶剂提取红枣总黄酮最优的工艺参数为：含水量37%、超声功率167 W、提取时间30 min、提取温度54 ℃和料液比1∶26（g/mL）。在此条件下,所得红枣总黄酮得率为（29.33±0.37）mg/g。试验值和理论值的相对误差为1.24%。表明遗传算法可较好地模拟和预测不同提取条件下红枣总黄酮得率,且优化工艺参数是可行的。研究发现低共熔溶剂可作为一种新型、绿色溶剂用于高效提取红枣总黄酮。[关键词] 遗传算法|红枣|总黄酮|低共熔溶剂|工艺     

奶牛场温室气体排放与减排措施

奶牛养殖在产能提升的同时也排放了大量温室气体。本文梳理了奶牛养殖场温室气体排放的重点环节,主要分为奶牛养殖活动温室气体排放以及牛场日常运行耗能两个方面;结合奶牛养殖肠道发酵和粪污管理的温室气体核算方法,归类整理了主要的减排措施,包括进行提高饲料质量和转化效率、粪污高效管理、清洁能源替代等方式,助力奶牛养殖实现低碳乃至零碳排放。     

灰铸铁生产技术的一些新进展

对灰铸铁的研究现状和生产中的一些新技术做了评述。重点介绍了高强度薄壁灰铸铁的生产现状以及先进的制造工艺和先进的制造手段在灰铸铁生产中应用所取得的技术成果。     

基于层次分析法的辽河干流水环境承载力评价研究

目前,水生态文明建设提出后,水环境承载力成为衡量地区可持续发展能力的一项重要指标。为了解辽河干流沿岸城市的水环境承载状况,以辽河干流为研究区域,采用层次分析法,建立以水资源、社会、经济、生态环境为子系统的评价体系。代入各行政分区的样本值,进行辽河干流水环境综合承载能力计算。评价了各行政分区不同现状年的承载状况。     

机电设备安装工程中常见问题及对策分析

机电设备安装工程施工是一项技术领域的工作,涉及到了多个工种和多道工序,因此存在特殊的要求。文章对机电设备安装施工中存在的一些常见问题进行了分析,并为提高机电设备的安装质量提出了一些建议。     

农业机械化的进程与发展措施

文章通过论述我国农机工业的发展进程,及今后农机工业的发展措施,全面阐述我国全面建设小康社会,关键在农村,重点在农民,难点在农业,而农业的根本出路在于机械化,农业机械化是现代农业的重要组成部分,也是农业现代化的重要标志。     

Comparison of emission estimates for non‐CO2 greenhouse gases from livestock and poultry in Korea from 1990 to 2010

It has often been claimed that non‐carbon dioxide greenhouse gases (NCGGs), such as methane, nitrous oxide and fluorinated greenhouse gases, are significant contributors to climate change. Here we nvestigate emission estimates of methane and nitrous oxide from livestock and poultry production, which is recognized as a major source of those NCGGs, in Korea over the period of 1990 through 2010. Based on the data on livestock and poultry populations, emission estimates of methane and nitrous oxide are first derived based on the Tier 1 approach. Then, the Tier 2 approach is adopted to obtain emission estimates of methane and nitrous oxide from cattle, which are known to be the largest sources of these NCGGs and account for about 70% of emissions from livestock and poultry in Korea. The result indicates that the Tier 2 estimates of methane and nitrous oxide emissions from enteric fermentation and manure management are significantly different from the Tier 1 estimates over the analysis period.     

In vitro rumen fermentation and digestibility of buffaloes as influenced by grape pomace powder and urea treated rice straw supplementation

This study aimed to investigate the effect of grape pomace powder levels and roughage sources on gas kinetics, digestibility and fermentation of swamp buffaloes by using in vitro techniques. The experimental design was a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design. Factor A was two sources of roughage (untreated rice straw, RS, and 3% urea treated rice straw, UTRS) and factor B was four levels of grape pomace powder (GPP) supplementation (0, 2, 4, 6% of substrate) on a dry matter basis. Results revealed that GPP supplementation at 2, 4 and 6% of substrate influenced gas kinetics. Cumulative gas production tended to be lower in the supplemented group. In vitro true digestibility was higher in the GPP supplementation at 2% with UTRS while microbial mass was higher in the supplemented groups. Supplementation of GPP significantly increased the total volatile fatty acids, especially propionate. Calculated methane production was subsequently decreased in the supplemented groups. Bacterial population was higher while protozoal population was lower by GPP supplementation. It could be concluded that supplementation of GPP at 2% of the substrate with UTRS improved in vitro true digestibility, rumen fermentation end‐products as well as reducing methane production.     

The suitability of some blood gas and biochemical parameters as diagnostic tools or early indicators of ascites syndrome in broiler sire lines

In recent few years, there have been some attempts to find a reliable indicator trait as a selection criterion against susceptibility to ascites syndrome (AS). Blood parameters were of great interest as they could be measured in live animals without implementing an ascites‐inducing challenge (AIC). In this work, the suitability of some blood parameters was evaluated for diagnosing AS‐susceptible chicks in later steps of the disease in trial 1 as well as their early predictive ability in trial 2. In the first trial, one hundred 1‐day‐old chicks from two pure broiler lines namely S₁ and S₂ and, in the second trial, 226 1‐day‐old chicks from line S₂ were subjected to AIC. Saline drinking water (1200 mg/l) and lower‐than‐standard ambient temperatures were the implemented AICs in trials 1 and 2 respectively. The blood parameters including pH, partial pressure of O₂ (pO₂), partial pressure of CO₂ (pCO₂), bicarbonate ion concentration (BIC), percentage of haematocrit (HCT) and saturated haemoglobin (SaO₂) were measured twice per each bird at days 28 and 35 in trial 1 and once in trial 2 at day 21. The results of the first trial revealed that in line S₂ some of the blood parameters differed significantly between the ascitic and non‐ascitic groups following exposure to AIC. In this line, the incidence of AS was accompanied by a lower pO₂, SaO₂ and BIC, while with higher pCO₂ and HCT values. In the second trial, however, although almost all of the parameters showed meaningful differences between the ascitic and non‐ascitic broilers, only mean difference of BIC parameter was statistically significant. The general conclusion of this study is that the blood parameters can somewhat have diagnostic ability in the condition in which the AIC is already present, whereas the results did not approve their usefulness as early predictors of AS.