Assessment and up-scaling of CO2 exchange by patches of the herbaceous vegetation mosaic in a Portuguese cork oak woodland

Long-term eddy covariance measurements over a montado oak woodland in southern Portugal have documented a vulnerability to predicted decreases in springtime rainfall, since water availability during spring limits annual CO₂ gain, the growth of fodder for animals, and the production of cork by Quercus suber. The current study examined CO₂ exchange of three different herbaceous vegetation components distributed over montado landscapes and within the footprint of long-term landscape eddy covariance monitoring studies. Simultaneous measurements with eddy covariance at two sites and with manually operated chambers at multiple locations revealed that slow drainage of shallow basins, the onset of drying at higher sites and a high release of CO₂ below tree canopies significantly influenced the overall course of montado ecosystem gas exchange during the spring.Hyperbolic light response models were employed to up-scale and compare herbaceous gas exchange with landscape net ecosystem CO₂ flux. The up-scaling demonstrates the importance of the herbaceous understory in determining annual carbon balance of the montado and suggests a relatively small additional CO₂ uptake by the tree canopies and boles, i.e., by the aboveground tree compartment, during springtime. Annual flux totals obtained during the extremely dry year 2005 and a normal precipitation year 2006 for the oak woodland and a nearby grassland were essentially the same, indicating that both ecosystems similarly exploit available resources. Based on comparisons with additional temperate grasslands, we can visualize the montado herbaceous cover as a typical European grassland canopy, but where temperature fluctuations in winter control uptake, and where total production depends on springtime rainfall as it controls phenological events and eventually dieback of the vegetation. On the other hand, tree canopies remain active longer during late spring and early summer, modifying the montado response from that of grassland. Uncertainties in flux estimates via both chamber and eddy covariance methodologies currently prevent a full understanding of vegetation/atmosphere coupling, of the recycling of CO₂ between the understory communities and trees, and of relationships between exchange rates of individual components of the vegetation mosaic and overall carbon and water balances in montado landscapes.     

无卡轴式木材产品在线旋切系统的设计

为改变木材加工企业圆木旋切工艺现状、提高旋切设备自动化水平、拓宽加工范围、提高企业竞争力。运用集成制造系统的设计理论,提出了一种木材产品在线旋切系统的总体设计方案。在分析了在线旋切系统软、硬件组成和工作方式的基础上,剖析了无卡轴旋切机的结构特点,提出了新的旋切公式,建立了驱动辊变速进给的数学模型,设计了以PLC为控制核心的变频调速控制系统,为在线旋切系统的设计生产提供了指导方向与理论基础。进行了系统的在线生产测试,测试结果表明:可加工范围为厚度0.3～3.7mm的单板,圆木利用率达95%以上,出板线速度达27m/min,单板误差厚度小于0.03mm。在满足加工精度前提下,能够提高旋切速度,与上下游设备协调良好,满足木材加工企业现场的生产需要。     

基于压力-状态-响应模型的宝鸡市生态安全动态评价及预测

基于压力—状态—响应(PSR)概念模型,对21个指标进行了数据标准化处理,指标权重确定和生态安全评价模型的构建。以陕西省宝鸡市为例,分析了宝鸡市1991—2009年来的生态安全问题。利用生态安全动态度模型对研究区的生态安全变化状况进行深入研究,并利用灰色系统理论中的灰色系统预测模型GM(1,1),对研究区未来10a的生态安全状况进行预测。研究结果:(1)19a间宝鸡市的生态安全值呈现逐年减小的趋势,从1991年的0.650减小为2009年的0.434,平均每年减少0.01749%。(2)以现在的生态环境的"压力—状态—响应"指数预测未来10a的生态安全值的变化情况,结果显示从2012—2021年生态安全值将持续减小,2021年生态安全值将减小至0.317。     

基于IST对FRIS研建中建立用户关注度模型的探讨

伴随社会信息化的发展,林业资源管理也步入了知识管理时代,本文基于信息搜寻理论（IST）对森林资源信息系统（FRIS）研建中建立用户关注度模型进行了初步探讨,并提出注重系统功能同时还要更多地关注提高用户信息处理能力的结论。     

路面不平度对车辆制动过程中轮胎动态性能影响的仿真分析

采用作者建立的非线性时变轮胎模型,仿真分析了路面不平度幅值及路面空间频率变化对地面附着性能的影响。得出路面不平度增大时,使路面对车轮的附着能力下降,因而使制动距离增长的结论。同时说明非线性时变轮胎模型能较真实地体现路面不平度的影响,对不平路面上车辆制动性能仿真是一个有效的轮胎力学模型     

潜土逆转旋耕刀数学模型及参数优化

该文对潜土逆转旋耕机刀片的切削过程进行了受力分析,建立了同时含有两种设计参数(刀片的几何参数和旋耕机的基本速度参数)的功耗模型。并以功耗最小为目标,运用遗传算法对所建模型的参数进行了优化,确定了最佳参数组合。优化结果与实验数据相吻合     

高压脉冲电场对鱼骨液物理状态变化的影响

为了研究高压脉冲电场(high intensity pulsed electric fields,PEF)作用对物质物理状态变化的影响,该试验以鱼骨液为研究对象,采用质构仪分析测试的方法,研究PEF作用下鱼骨液的流变学性质。通过主成分分析法确定PEF下鱼骨液物理状态变化的综合指标公式,通过单因素试验和Box-Behnken中心设计法得出PEF作用鱼骨液最佳参数:液料比9.81 m L/g、场强23.10 k V/cm、脉冲数10,综合指标达到2.3312,此时鱼骨液的物理指标分别为第一压缩功1.2 N,第二压缩功1.3 N,内聚性1.21,弹性9.25 mm,胶着性0.11 N,说明经过PEF处理,鱼骨液在第一循环和第二循环内获得指定形变所需要得能量增加,样品弹性增加,组成样品结构的内部键力降低,综合各物理状态指标的变化,说明PEF处理后的鱼骨液物理状态得到了明显改善(P=0.001210.01),因此高压脉冲电场技术可以应用于鱼骨液的加工处理。     

流域农业土地生态价值内涵及应用分析

农业生态系统服务价值与其他产品生产密切相关。生态系统作为生产输入会提供服务价值,而其通常被看作购置性投入的替代品,利于成本降低。农业生态系统保护与粮食产量增加存在动态均衡,两者具有"下跌"关系。农业生产者为实现土地利用层面的利润最大化,对生态系统服务的更大依赖将导致农田产量削减。通过构建农业生态系统生产函数模型,合理确定替代条件和产出结果,量化研究种植土地保留数量与提供生态系统服务土地数量的分配比例。以永定河上游流域为典型区,借助用于生产的土地产量弹性计算,流域每增加1%的生态系统服务用地,对应农作物产量将缩减2.7%。虽对农业生态价值"下跌"影响从微级视角给出量化分析模型,但对生产中生态保护政策影响的研究仍需深化。     

基于高光谱成像的水稻穗瘟病害程度分级方法

为了快速、准确地进行水稻穗瘟病害程度分级,以实现水稻品种抗性评价或精准的田间化学防治,该研究提出了一种光谱词袋(bag of spectrum words,Bo SW)模型分析方法,分析稻穗的高光谱图像,自动评判穗瘟病害程度。首先,稠密规整地将高光谱图像分割成小立方格,计算每个立方格像素的平均全波段包络矢量,用K-Means算法聚类形成典型光谱包络词典。词典中光谱包络"词"(word)用作高光谱图像表达的"基",直方图统计各光谱"词"在高光谱图像样本中的出现频度,形成光谱图像的词袋表达。采用Hyper SIS-VNIR-QE光谱成像仪获取田间采集的170株稻穗样本高光谱图像,用Bo SW方法生成其词袋表达;植保专家根据病害程度类别确定光谱图像样本标签。随机选择2/3"词袋表达-病害程度等级标签"数据对构成训练集,采用卡方-支持矢量机(chi-square support vector machine,Chi-SVM)分类算法建立穗瘟病害程度分级模型。余下的1/3样本构成测试集,测试穗瘟病害等级模型的预测性能,分类识别精度为94.72%,高于主成分分析(principle component analysis,PCA)、敏感波段选择等传统光谱分析方法,其识别精度分别为83.83%和79.83%。该研究提高了穗瘟病分级的自动化程度和准确率,也可为其他病害分级检测提供参考。     

模拟自然条件下黄土区坡地的大气、土表及土壤水交互作用的动力学模型及其应用

The mechanism of atmospheric,surface and soil water interactions( water transformation) in hillslope under natural conditions was analyzed,and a dynamic model was developed to simulate infiltration,overland flow and soil water movement during natural rainfall in hillslope,by bringing froward concepts such as rainfall intensity on slope and a correction coefficient of saturated soil water content for soil surface seal.Some factors,including slope angle,slope orientation and raindrop inclination,which affect the rainfall amount on slope, were taken into account while developing the dynamic model.The effect of surface seal on infiltration and water balance under a boundary condition of the second kind was aslo considered. Application of the model in a field experiment showed that the model simulated precisely the infiltration,overland flow and sol water monvement in hillsope under natural rainfall conditions.