Effect of continuous and alternate water regimes on methane efflux from rice under greenhouse conditions

In a greenhouse study, the effect of moisture regimes (continuously flooded, continuously nonflooded, alternately flooded) on methane efflux from an alluvial soil planted to rice was studied using the closed chamber method. Methane efflux was almost 10 times more pronounced under continuously flooded conditions than under continuously nonflooded conditions. Intermittently flooded regimes (alternately flooded and nonflooded cycles of 40 or 20 days each) emitted distinctly less methane than the continuously flooded system. A significant negative correlation was found between methane emission under different water regimes and rhizosphere redox potential. Extractable Fe²⁺, readily mineralizable carbon (RMC) and root biomass presented a significant positive correlation with cumulative methane emission. The correlation of methane emission with other plant parameters and microbial biomass was not significant. Our results further suggest the possibility of reduced methane emissions through appropriate water management in a rainfed rice ecosystem. Received: 4 June 1996     

不同类型土壤淹水对pH、Eh、Fe及有效态Cd含量的影响

基于数据收集整理,分析了南方不同酸碱性土壤淹水后,土壤pH值、Eh值、Fe[Fe(Ⅱ)和无定型氧化铁]含量、有效态Cd含量和不同有机质土壤淹水后有效态Cd含量变化趋势,同时分析了pH、Eh、Fe变化趋势对有效态Cd含量的影响。结果表明:不同酸碱性土壤长时间淹水后,pH均趋于中性、Eh下降、Fe含量增加;有效态Cd含量在酸性和中性土壤中呈持续下降趋势,分别降低了42%和38%;在碱性土壤中降低了27%,其中淹水前15 d呈增加趋势,淹水15 d后逐渐减少。不同有机质含量土壤淹水后,有效态Cd含量在中高(≥20 g·kg~(-1))有机质土壤中降低78%,且为持续降低趋势;在中低(≤20 g·kg~(-1))有机质土壤中降低了52%,在淹水15~30 d增加,且淹水15 d有效态Cd含量要低于淹水60 d有效态Cd含量。土壤有效态Cd含量随着pH值增大而降低,且变化速率一致,即pH值增加速率大时,有效态Cd含量降低速率也大,反之亦然;土壤有效态Cd含量在淹水前15 d随Fe含量的增加而增加,淹水15 d后随着Fe含量增加而降低;整个淹水期间,土壤有效态Cd含量随着Eh值降低而降低。综上,酸性土壤和中高有机质土壤淹水后可有效降低土壤有效态Cd含量,碱性土壤淹水时间不低于30 d、中低有机质土壤淹水不超过15 d才能达到有效降低土壤有效态Cd含量之目的。     

Influence of flooding on exchangeability and release of stable and radioactive cesium in contaminated paddy soil

ABSTRACT

An incubation experiment was conducted to clarify how soil flooding influences the mobility of radioactive cesium (RCs: ¹³⁴Cs and ¹³⁷Cs) in paddy soil after aging, focusing on the effects of ammonium increase and soil reduction. We used two contaminated paddy soils (A and B, both Gleyic Fluvisols) aged for 26 months after the Tokyo Electric Power Company’s Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant accidents, and analyzed both the RCs and stable cesium (¹³³Cs). The soils were incubated in a flooded condition, with or without the addition of ammonium fertilizer, for 1, 15 and 30 d, and in an unflooded condition for 30 d. After the incubation periods, we quantified ¹³³Cs concentration in the soil solution, ¹³³Cs and RCs released from soil in 0.01 mol L^–1 calcium chloride solution as parameters of release intensity, and ¹³³Cs and RCs extracted with 1 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate solution as exchangeable quantities, and analyzed their relationship with ammonium content and redox condition in soil. The increase of ammonium by both ammonification and fertilizer application promoted release of exchangeable ¹³³Cs and RCs to the soil solution and calcium solution. When ammonium content became low during unflooded incubation, exchangeable ¹³³Cs and RCs themselves decreased. When soil reduction progressed with flooded incubation, however, exchangeable ¹³³Cs and RCs decreased, despite high ammonium content. To estimate the influence of soil reduction on the exchangeability of RCs, soil A was sequentially extracted with sodium hydrosulfite (a reducing agent) and ammonium acetate solutions. Compared with a control treatment using sodium sulfate instead of sodium hydrosulfite, the total RCs extracted by the reducing treatment was 42% lower, indicating that soil reduction decreases RCs exchangeability. Through these analyses of ¹³³Cs and RCs, we conclude that soil flooding influences the mobility of aged RCs through two opposite effects: the release of exchangeable RCs into soil solution is enhanced with increased ammonium, while the exchangeable RCs itself decreases due to soil reduction.     

Carlavirus isolates from cultivated Allium species represent three viruses

From 12 cultivated and mostly vegetatively propagatedAllium species and varieties tested for carlavirus infections, 94 virus isolates were obtained which varied greatly on indicator hosts.Chenopodium amaranticolor, C. quinoa, Celosia argentea var.plumosa Geisha,Nicotiana hesperis accession 67A andN. occidentalis accession P1 proved valuable for detection, isolation and propagation of part of the isolates. The latter three species are new experimental hosts for carlaviruses ofAllium species. Other isolates could only be transmitted toAllium species such as crow garlic (A. vineale) leek (A. ampeloprasum var.porrum) and onion (A. cepa var.cepa). The isolates were grouped into three viruses by differential hosts and host reactions and their reaction with four antisera.Shallot latent virus (SLV) was found in ever-ready onion (A. cepa var.perutile), grey shallot (unidentifiedAllium species), multiplier onion (A. cepa var.aggregatum), pearl onion (A. ampeloprasum var.sectivum), rakkyo (A. chinense), shallot (A. cepa var.ascalonicum), and Welsh onion (A. fistulosum). Virus isolates from garlic and Asian shallot, fully reacting with antiserum to SLV but differing in host reactions from the SLV type-isolate, are now described as garlic strain (SLV-G) and Asian shallot strain of the virus, respectively. The garlic latent virus from garlic described in Japan is now considered identical with SLV-G.A carlavirus almost universal in garlic, and also found in great-headed garlic (A. ampeloprasum var.holmense), in an unidentifiedAllium species, and occasionally in leek, did not react with the antisera to SLV and the Japanese garlic latent virus, and is now described as the new garlic common latent virus (GCLV). It appeared identical to a virus erroneously identified in Germany as garlic latent virus.The new Sint-Jan's-onion latent virus (SjoLV) from Utrechtse Sint-Jan's onion (unidentifiedAllium species) from the Netherlands and similar crops originating from other countries, did not induce reactions in test plants and could only be detected by electron microscope decoration tests. It reacted equally wellwith the antisera to SLV and GCLV. It was also present together with SLV in ever-ready onion, pearl onion, rakkyo, shallot, and Welsh onion. Garlic latent virus reported in Japan from hosts other than garlic should be regarded as SLV, SjoLV, or a mixture of these viruses.The carlaviruses were not detected in wild plants of ramsons (A. ursinum), and of the predominantly vegetatively propagated crow garlic (A. vineale), field garlic (A. oleraceum), and sand leek (A. scorodoprasum), collected in the Netherlands.Severe reactions in the indicator hosts incidentally revealed soil-borne viruses in shallot (the nepovirusesArabis mosaic virus (ArMV) and tomato black ring virus) and crow garlic (ArMV and the tobravirus tobacco rattle virus). Tobacco necrosis virus (necrovirus) was detected in roots of shallot.     

来源于湖北省梨轮纹病菌中真菌病毒多样性检测及其分析

 一些真菌病毒严重影响寄主生长、产孢量、致病力。本研究对来源于湖北梨轮纹病菌携带真菌病毒情况进行分析,旨在挖掘具有生防潜能的真菌病毒资源。随机采集湖北省梨树发病枝干,分离、鉴定获得13个梨轮纹病菌株,其生长速率、致病性存在差异。提取dsRNA检测,发现12个菌株均携带不同大小的dsRNA片段。观察其dsRNA带型,HBWH-14 dsRNA含有1~7 kb 9条带,其他菌株携带的dsRNA条带位置均位于HBWH-14所含dsRNA带型中的某1条或多条对应的条带位置。RT-PCR检测发现部分菌株携带产黄青霉病毒BdCV1、双分体病毒BdPV1、单分体病毒BdTV1以及未分类的BdRV1。本研究未发现梨轮纹菌株所含病毒种类与致病力存在直接的相关性。HBWH-14原生质体脱毒获得后代100%携带的dsRNAs稳定遗传。     

活塞环自由型线CAD系统研制探讨

介绍活塞环自由型线ＣＡＤ系统的设计思想，系统以弹性力学理论和数值计算方法为基础，能自动生成活塞环的轮廓曲线，环周－径向压力分布图，编写加工工艺，编制技术文件，并为活塞环的数控加工提供精确的数据。系统操作简便，实用性强。     

淹水梯度对红树林湿地土壤微生物生物量与酶活性的影响

[目的] 研究红树林土壤微生物生物量与酶活性对不同淹水梯度的响应，揭示随淹水时间延长红树林下土壤质量的变化特征及影响因素，为该区域红树林保护与管理提供理论依据。 [方法] 以广东省雷州半岛附城镇红树林为研究对象，依据潮间带分布情况及红树林群落类型，采集低潮位、中低潮位、中潮位、中高潮位、高潮位表层0-20 cm沉积物样品，测定与分析红树林湿地不同潮位表层土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)、氮(MBN)、磷(MBP)与酶活性。 [结果] 随淹水频率的增加，MBC，MBN分别减少96.7%和98.4%，在高潮位为最大值；MBP呈波浪式下降，在中高潮位为最大值；微生物熵碳(q_MBC)、氮(q_MBN)先增后降，微生物熵磷(q_MBP)呈波浪式下降，q_MBC，q_MBN，q_MBP均在中高潮位为最大值；土壤β-葡萄糖苷酶、酸性磷酸酶活性先增后降，在中高潮位为最大值，脲酶活性显著减少20.2%，在高潮位为最大值。冗余分析结果表明，q_MBN，MBN，MBC是研究区红树林表层土壤酶活性变异的关键环境因素，可解释其变异的50.9%。 [结论] 淹水梯度的变化对湛江红树林湿地表层土壤微生物生物量和酶活性变化产生了显著影响。随淹水频率增加土壤质量总体呈衰退态势，建议适当增加研究区湿地土壤氮素供给以改善土壤质量，促进红树植树造林及其生长。     

重金属铅在河道及滩地中的积累规律

基于山西省汾河3个代表性断面处河道与滩地分层土壤中重金属铅含量的测定资料,分析了土壤铅含量沿河道与滩地横向及垂向的分布特征及其机理.结果表明:重金属铅在沿横断面的水平方向上,随着距离河道主槽水平距离增加,铅含量减小；与山西土壤背景值相比较,表层土壤、地下水位处土壤和深层土壤受污染河水的影响范围分别是距河道主槽100m,80 m和60 m；在河道垂向上,随着土层深度的增加,铅含量也呈下降的趋势,但在个别土层稍有起伏；在非饱和土壤中,其运移动力依次是对流作用,分子扩散作用,机械弥散；在饱和土壤中,运移动力依次是对流作用,机械弥散,分子扩散作用.     

不同调理剂对农田镉污染稳定效果及水稻吸收的影响

采集浙江杭州郊区富春江沿岸镉(Cd)污染水稻土，选择前期试验筛选的对土壤Cd钝化效果良好、可显著降低稻米Cd的4种调理剂，开展室内培养试验和温室盆栽试验，探讨不同调理剂种类(袁梦YM、祝天峰ZTF、天象一号TX1、永清YQ)、用量(推荐用量、3倍推荐用量)和调理剂与生石灰配施对污染水稻土Cd的稳定效果及对水稻生长和糙米Cd含量的影响。室内培养试验结果发现，添加调理剂能使土壤pH显著升高，落干条件下土壤pH增幅较淹水条件下更为明显；施用推荐用量调理剂，土壤硝酸铵提取态Cd显著下降，调理剂推荐用量+生石灰处理较调理剂推荐用量处理下降更为显著；总体上，同一调理剂3倍推荐用量处理下硝酸铵提取态Cd降幅更大，表明硝酸铵提取态Cd受土壤pH影响显著，且YM、TX1调理剂对硝酸铵提取态Cd的降低效果较好。盆栽试验结果显示，施用石灰和商品调理剂均可实现水稻稳产或增产，并显著降低水稻糙米Cd含量，与调理剂施用后土壤Cd有效性降低相一致。含钙、能调节土壤pH并辅以有机质和养分的复合调理剂因兼具养分作用，对水稻稳产增产、糙米Cd含量降低更为有效。