简支梁在动载荷作用下竖向动挠度的计算理论研究

本文对简支梁在匀速常量力和匀速脉冲力的作用下，应用结构动力学理论，对梁的动力响应给出了近似解答。     

中国大豆产出增长的要素贡献率测度与分析

研究基于影响大豆产出增长的三大因素—种植面积、资本投入、劳动用工,运用柯布—道格拉斯生产函数模型分别测算了三大要素在中国大豆生产中的生产弹性及对大豆产出增长的贡献率。研究结果表明,1991─2008年,种植面积对中国大豆产出增长的贡献率最大,其次是资本投入,而劳动用工的贡献率为负。     

纵轴流柔性锤爪式玉米脱粒装置设计与试验

针对两熟区玉米籽粒直收过程中籽粒破碎严重、未脱净率高的问题,设计了一种纵轴流柔性锤爪式玉米脱粒装置。该脱粒装置采用纵轴流脱粒滚筒,脱粒滚筒上安装脱粒锤爪,脱粒前段和脱粒后段可更换不同型式的脱粒锤爪,脱粒锤爪与脱粒滚筒柔性连接,以降低籽粒破碎率,实现玉米的柔性低损伤脱粒。脱粒凹板采用分段组合式,便于脱粒段、排杂段的调整,凹板圆柱钢上设计半球形凸起,以增加搓擦力,提高脱净率。选取喂入量、滚筒转速、脱粒锤爪型式作为试验因素进行了正交试验,确定了在不同含水率下,喂入量、滚筒转速和脱粒锤爪的最佳参数组合,结果表明：含水率为25.12%时,最佳参数组合为滚筒转速500r/min,喂入量8kg/s,起脱段为扁头脱粒锤爪,平脱段和强脱段为圆头脱粒锤爪,此时籽粒破碎率为3.73%,未脱净率为0.69%;含水率为32.83%时,最佳参数组合为滚筒转速450r/min,喂入量8kg/s,起脱段、平脱段和强脱段均为圆头脱粒锤爪,此时籽粒破碎率为4.36%,未脱净率为0.70%。     

Selection for adaptation in multipurpose trees and shrubs for production and function in agroforestry systems

Summary With the greater uniformity in site conditions in cultivated fields and higher levels of inputs (soil amendments and labour) for modern agroforestry systems, selection and breeding for optimal tree adaptation to site conditions and management practices call for strategies radically different from those for plantation forestry. Furthermore, specific requirements for the most efficient growth resource sharing arrangements between the tree and its companion crop call for evaluation both above-ground and below-ground tree growth characteristics in much greater details than has been the case for forestry practice.Specific adaptations in tree-soil relations are highlighted. Tree ideotype profiles are defined for a valuable fodder species (Calliandra calothyrsus) and a valuable timber species (Grevillea robusta). Results from half-sib progeny testing experiment on C. calothyrsus in alley farming system indicate differential adaptedness to frequent cutting for fodder production among the families after 6 cutting cycles (over a period of 2 years). If this differential response to frequent cutting among genotypes is confirmed, phyllomorphs which are more tolerant to this management practice could be selected for further improvement research.Excavation of 2 trees per family within G. robusta half-sib progeny testing experiments at two locations in Kenya provided the base for studying (a) variations in root growth patterns and (b) correlations between stem and root growth patterns in the background of efficient soil resource sharing strategies and of potentials for indirect selection for root growth characteristics. Analyses based on 7 categories of root growth and 7 categories of stem growth patterns involving 94 families selected in Australia and 60 families selected from landraces in Kenya indicate (a) insignificant variation among families in root growth patterns and (b) non existent or weak correlations between stem and root growth pattenrs.     

A conceptual framework for guiding the participatory development of agricultural decision support systems

Scientists develop decision support systems (DSSs) to make agricultural science more accessible for farmers and extension officers. Despite the growing use of participatory approaches in agricultural DSS development, reflection on this endeavour has largely focused on the ‘doing’ of participation or the ‘problem of implementation’ when DSSs have not been adopted by stakeholders. There has been little reference to relevant theoretical approaches to the social processes involved in ‘participation’ or ‘implementation’. However, if DSS use is to reach its full potential, a more conceptually informed understanding of how stakeholders collaborate in the participatory development of DSSs is required. To contribute to this conceptualisation, we developed a framework based on three concepts drawn from the field of science and technology studies: technological frames, interpretative flexibility and boundary objects. The framework highlights the importance and value of social learning for participatory DSS development, which relies upon exploring the participating parties’ different perspectives on the agricultural system represented in the DSS. Our framework provides a broad definition of success for participatory DSS development, placing greater weight on learning during the participatory process compared with subsequent use of the DSS by farmers and/or advisors. Two case studies of stakeholder collaboration to develop an irrigation scheduling DSS for sugarcane production were used to explore the relevance of the framework. The concepts in the framework were clearly displayed during the case studies. At the conclusion of the studies there were contrasting outcomes for the DSS. One group of farmers was keen to apply it in their ongoing irrigation management, while another saw little relative advantage in use of the DSS. In both instances co-learning occurred amongst case study participants, so the participatory process was clearly a success.