改性亚麻纤维增强胶合木梁受弯性能试验

将天然亚麻纤维经纳米TiO2接枝制得改性亚麻纤维复合材料(FFRP),以云杉-松树-冷杉木板(SPF木板)为原材料制作24根尺寸为2 850 mm×50 mm×150 mm的胶合木梁试件,采用改性亚麻纤维复合材料通过顺向粘贴在梁底部、横向粘贴在梁侧面和底部(U型箍)的方式对胶合木梁进行增强。对8组试件进行三分点加载受弯试验,分析梁底部改性亚麻纤维复合材料粘贴方式(粘贴长度、粘贴层数、U型箍)对胶合木梁破坏形态、极限承载力、跨中挠度、截面应变的影响及粘贴FFRP对胶合木梁受弯性能的增强效果。结果表明:在不发生剥离破坏的前提下,底部粘贴长度对胶合木梁的抗弯性能影响不大。对于无箍胶合木梁,底部粘贴FFRP能够提高胶合木梁的抗弯承载力与刚度,但底部粘贴的层数不宜过多,粘贴层数过多反而会导致提高幅度有所下降;对于有箍胶合木梁,其抗弯承载力与抗弯刚度,均随着底部粘贴FFRP层数的增加而增大。当底部粘贴3层FFRP时,有箍和无箍胶合木梁的抗弯承载力与抗弯刚度相差不大,但有箍梁的延性得到明显提高;当底部粘贴6层FFRP时,有箍梁的抗弯承载力和抗弯刚度比无箍梁均有明显提高。U型箍可以改变胶合木梁的破坏形态,无箍胶合木梁的破坏形态同普通梁一样,为脆性破坏;而有箍梁的破坏形态为延性破坏,U型箍能够避免木材层板间开裂与横向撕裂,增强FFRP与梁底部木材的协调性能,提高胶合木梁的抗弯性能。     

实施亚麻战略加快黑龙江省种植业结构调整

根据黑龙江省亚麻的生产实际，提出了尽快实现亚麻机械化种植，实施亚麻战略的必要性和重要性，以及加快该战略实施的措施和政策建议。     

新疆亚麻收获机械化现状及前景分析

亚麻是我国极具特色的经济作物,其纤维制品是重要的创汇物资.随着加入世贸组织与"西部大开发"号角吹响,新疆农业正由传统农业转向现代农业,由于新疆具有气候和耕地资源的优势,2003年全疆亚麻种植面积达3.3万hm2,位居全国第二位.但是由于机械化收获程度低,已严重地制约了当地的亚麻事业发展.为此,通过介绍新疆亚麻收获机械化现状,分析了新疆亚麻收获机械化发展中存在的问题及提出了相应的对策.     

不同胡麻品种TAG合成途径关键基因表达与含油量、脂肪酸组分的相关性分析

胡麻是一种富含不饱和脂肪酸尤其是α-亚麻酸的油料作物,明晰TAG合成途径中与胡麻含油量和脂肪酸组分相关的基因具有重要的理论意义。以3个含油量和脂肪酸组分有显著差异的胡麻品种(系)为材料,分析了不同品种(系)、不同组织和不同发育阶段胡麻油脂和脂肪酸组分的动态积累模式和TAG合成途径中7个关键基因的动态表达模式,以及含油量和不饱和脂肪酸与7个关键基因表达的相关性。结果表明,胡麻开花后10～20d,是种子油脂和亚麻酸的快速积累期,且不同胡麻品种(系)油脂和亚麻酸的动态积累模式差异显著。TAG合成途径中的7个关键基因(GPAT9、DGAT1、DGAT2、PDAT1、PDAT2、FAD2A和FAD3A)在胡麻不同发育阶段的不同组织中均有表达,在不同品种(系)间的表达模式各不相同。其中PDAT1、DGAT1和DGAT2基因的动态表达模式与含油量的动态积累模式显著正相关,PDAT1的动态表达模式与亚麻酸的动态积累模式显著正相关,且在高油高亚麻酸材料的种子动态发育阶段中PDAT1基因的累积表达量也显著高于低油低亚麻酸材料。因此,PDAT1可能是影响胡麻不同品种(系)中含油量和亚麻酸含量的关键基因。     

Effect of broth from meat of linseed‐fed cattle on glucose‐stimulated insulin release in healthy male volunteers

Polyunsaturated fatty acid consumption has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity. We studied if administration of broth with beef meat enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids influenced glucose‐stimulated insulin release in healthy male volunteers. Broth was made either from cattles undergone dietary supplementation with lightly bruised whole linseed in addition to feeding ad libitum on grass silage (test meal) or from those fed grass silage alone (control meal). Oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) were performed in patients after a 6‐day period of eating 300 ml broth containing 100 g meat once a day in addition to their otherwise normal mixed nourishment. During OGTT, blood samples were taken for blood glucose level and plasma insulin immunoreactivity before and 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, and 180 min after the glucose load. Glucose‐stimulated maximum increase in plasma insulin immunoreactivity was 42 ± 6.6 and 81 ± 7.4 mU/ml (p < 0.05) after the test and the control meals, respectively. However, both fasting and postload blood glucose levels were the same after either meal period. The results suggest an insulin‐sensitizing effect of food produced from beef cattle maintained on linseed diet in healthy human volunteers.     

缺氮胁迫阶段及施氮时期对油用亚麻干物质及氮素积累的影响

通过砂培及土培试验,分别以6个氮素供缺阶段处理和6个氮肥基追比例处理,探讨了缺氮阶段及施氮时期对亚麻干物质及氮素积累、籽粒产量的影响。结果表明,和全生育期正常供氮(CK)相比,播种～枞形期缺氮(T_1)造成的干物质积累抑制随枞形期后的持续复氮而渐次降低,且茎、叶干物质积累量随复氮而终末产生了等量补偿,而枞形期～现蕾期(T_2)、现蕾期～盛花期(T_3)、盛花期～成熟期(T_4)、现蕾期～成熟期(T_5)4个时段的氮胁迫造成的器官干物质积累量降低,终末仍为不足补偿;胁迫阶段(T_1～T_5)的籽粒产量分别较对照降低了18.02%、26.54%、35.06%、38.83%、48.00%。保证生殖生长阶段的氮素营养供给可避免35%～50%左右的减产损失。0.2 g·kg~(-1)施用的氮肥,基肥比重占2/3以上时不利于氮素营养状况的改善及植株的生长,基肥施用量≤1/2、剩余肥料于枞形期或现蕾期一次或分两次施入,可使植株的氮素及干物质积累总量分别增加10.71%～37.50%和9.34%～22.02%;1/6基肥+1/3枞形期追肥+1/2现蕾期追肥的方式,较其他施肥方式(100%基肥、2/3基肥+1/3现蕾期追肥、1/2基肥+1/2现蕾期追肥、1/6基肥+5/6枞形期追肥)的氮素积累量、植株干物质量、籽粒产量分别提高7.17%～37.50%、7.89%～22.02%、9.59%～26.71%。综上,盛花期～成熟期缺氮对植株的干物质积累及产量抑制敏感程度最高,现蕾期前后追肥具有显著的补偿效应;基肥施用量≤1/3、剩余肥料于枞形期(或分茎期)、现蕾期分两次施入,并使现蕾期追肥占1/2左右,是符合油用亚麻需求特性的氮肥运筹方式。     

胡麻-小麦轮作更替土壤的细菌群落多样性分析

采集胡麻-小麦轮作更替土壤,分别为第一年胡麻种植土壤(TC1)、第二年小麦轮作土壤(TR)和第三年胡麻种植土壤(TC2),利用高通量测序技术对不同土壤细菌群落进行测定,旨在揭示胡麻-小麦轮作更替对土壤细菌群落结构和多样性的影响。结果表明,TC2根际土壤样本细菌OTU数目最多,为1778条,细菌群落丰度指数(Chao指数1700.02和Ace指数1689.03)最低,而细菌群落多样性指数中,shannon指数表现为TC1(6.51)TR(6.42)TC2(6.21),simpson指数表现为TC2(0.0088)TR(0.0049)TC1(0.0030),即随着更替年限而降低。3种不同土壤样本内共获得细菌33门,且优势菌门(相对丰度0.01)均为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)和绿湾菌门(Chloroflexi)等11个菌门,各优势菌门在各处理中所占的丰度存在差异。随着种植更替,变形菌门(TC1 31.65%, TR 24.52%, TC2 28.53%)和芽单胞菌门(TC1 8.04%, TR 5.41%, TC2 6.01%)丰度先降低再升高,酸杆菌门(TC1 19.36%, TR 26.13%, TC2 11.18%)和绿湾菌门(TC1 9.69%, TR 12.68%, TC2 10.53%)丰度先增加后降低,放线菌门(TC1 12.14%, TR 13.79%, TC2 22.82%)丰度逐渐增加。细菌群落β多样性分析显示,轮作使土壤细菌的群落结构与TC1保持较小差异,而后续胡麻种植使其发生较大变化。通过Tax4Fun法在更替土壤中检测到细胞新陈代谢、遗传信息加工和环境信息处理等基因功能。大部分功能基因在TR的丰度与TC1相近。这些结果说明,小麦轮作能降低土壤细菌多样性和细菌群落结构组成的改变程度,从而利于下茬胡麻的种植。     

First report of the sexual stage of the flax pathogen Mycosphaerella linicola in France and its impact on pasmo epidemiology

We performed a 3-year field survey in France to characterize the dynamics of sexual reproduction in Mycosphaerella linicola, the causal agent of pasmo, during the interepidemic period. Cohorts of fruiting bodies were sampled from linseed straw during the autumn and winter and carefully observed, focusing on pseudothecia, asci, and ascospores. A sequence of experimental steps corresponding to Koch's postulates confirmed in July 2014, for the first time in France and continental Europe, the widespread presence of the sexual stage of M. linicola in plant host tissues. The developmental dynamics of pseudothecia on straw, expressed as the change over time in the percentage of mature pseudothecia, was similar in all three years. Pseudothecia appeared in late summer, with peak maturity reached in October. A temporal shift, thought to be due to early autumn rainfall, was highlighted in one of the three years. These observations suggest that sexual reproduction plays a significant role in the epidemiology of pasmo in France. A resurgence of M. linicola infections in spring flax is thought to have occurred in recent years, due to the increase in the area under flax. The presence of the sexual stage of this pathogen probably increased the quantitative impact of residues of winter linseed (used for oil) and flax straw (left on the soil for retting and used for fibres) as an interepidemic “brown bridge”. This case study highlights how certain parts of a disease cycle, in this case the sexual phase, can become crucial due to changes in production conditions.     

冀北坝上旱地亚麻栽培技术研究

采用二次饱和D最优310设计,对冀北坝上旱地油纤兼用亚麻播种量、施磷量和施氮量进行试验研究,探讨旱地油纤兼用亚麻最佳栽培措施方案。