多胚亚麻利用获得的品系评价及其多胚性分析

为选育高产、高纤、多胚特征亚麻新品种,本试验对7个利用多胚亚麻获得的品系原茎产量、纤维产量、全麻率、多胚性等4个指标进行了测试,并采用SPSS数据处理软件对测试结果进行了分析,综合评价出1-6Ha-3为参试品系中的最佳多胚亚麻品系;H06116为高纤多胚亚麻品系;H08014、H08015为高产多胚亚麻品系。     

Influence of Sowing and Harvest Time on Fibre Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) in the Mediterranean Environment

Triennial field trials were carried out at Viterbo, central Italy, to investigate the influence of the sowing time, nitrogen fertilization and harvest dates of the two fibre flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) varieties Belinka and Ariane. Our results showed that warm and dry weather conditions, prevailing from late spring onwards, caused excessive shortening of the growing cycle of spring crops, with negative consequences for seed and fibre yield and quality. However, autumn sowings gave interesting results. Stem dry weight ranged between 5.6 and 6.7 t ha^?1 for autumn sowings and between 1.9 and 4.1 t ha^?1 for spring sowings. In autumn sowings, plant height and seed yields were also increased. Seed germinability was good even for early harvest dates. Stem dry weight remained constant at harvest dates following yellow‐green ripening, indicating that biomass was no longer allocated to the stems after that phase.     

Egg quality,fatty-acid composition and gastrointestinal morphology of layer hens fed whole flaxseed with enzyme supplementation

1. Flaxseed is a rich source of α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3 n–3). Feeding flaxseed to hens can increase n–3 fatty acids (FA) in eggs. However, non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) in flaxseed decrease nutrient digestibility and can have a negative impact on egg n–3 FA incorporation. Addition of carbohydrase enzymes to flaxseed-based diets can decrease the anti-nutritive effects of NSP.

2. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of enzyme supplementation on FA composition and gastrointestinal morphology in hens fed flaxseed. A total of seventy-two, 51-week old brown layer hens were randomly assigned to one of the four dietary treatments (six replicates with three hens per replicate): corn-soybean based diet containing 0% flax (Control), 10% flax (Flax), Flax+0.05% enzyme (Flax+E1), or Flax+0.1% enzyme (Flax+E2) in a 120-day feeding trial.

3. Egg weight was highest in hens fed Flax+E1 (P < 0.05). Yolk weight was higher in Flax+E1 compared with the control and Flax+E2 and was not different from Flax treatment. ALA and total n–3 FA was highest in eggs from Flax+E2 hens (P < 0.05). Addition of enzyme has no effect of on docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), total long chain (>20-C FA), or n–6:n–3 FA ratio in eggs from hens fed flaxseed-based diets (P > 0.05). Over nine-fold increase in hepatic ALA was observed in the liver of hens fed flaxseed-based diets when compared with the control diet (P < 0.0001). No effect of enzyme supplementation was observed on liver ALA, DHA or long chain n–3 FA (P > 0.05). Enzyme supplementation reduced arachidonic acid, total n–6 and LC n–6 FA in liver tissue from hens fed flaxseed-based diets (P > 0.05).

4. Villi height and width was higher in the duodenum and jejunum of hens fed flax-based diets compared to the control (P < 0.05). Enzyme supplementation led to an increase in villi width in jejunum (P < 0.05) in hens fed Flax+E2 (P < 0.05). No effect of diet was observed in the crypt depth and villi height:crypt depth ratio in the jejunum (P > 0.05).

5. It was concluded that enzyme supplementation enhanced total n–3 FA deposition in eggs and liver and influence gastrointestinal morphology in layer hens fed flaxseed.     

浅谈中国纤维亚麻的现状与建议

本文从中国纤维亚麻优势、中国亚麻的科研工作、问题与差距和对亚麻生产发展的建议四个方面对进行了论述。客观地分析了中国纤维亚麻所处的现状，对今后中国开展纤维亚麻的工作提出了建议，为中国纤维亚麻的发展提供了理论依据。     

南方亚麻制纤技术及制纤设备

本文介绍了南方亚麻小型制纤加工机组的操作技术要领、设备主要技术参数及其维护方法；并通过亚麻的制纤加工试验，提出了南方亚麻规模化生产中尚需解决的几个关键技术问题。     

碾压麻茎及添加螯合剂对亚麻酶法脱胶的影响

在酶法亚麻脱胶的基础上,研究碾压亚麻原茎和添加螯合剂对脱胶的影响。结果表明,碾压麻茎和添加螯合剂(EDTA和草酸)均能够促进酶法脱胶。将碾压的麻茎和添加螯合剂联合使用,进行亚麻酶法脱胶,螯合剂EDTA的添加量为5mM/L,脱胶过程中果胶酶活力的损失降低,脱胶周期为7h,较只使用酶液脱胶的时间缩短了70.8%,且酶液可稀释1倍使用,节约了脱胶成本。     

亚麻牵切中纤维断裂过程和规律的研究

本文分析了亚麻纤维在牵切区中断裂的过程，并通过实验研究了其断裂的规律，给出了粗略估计牵切后纤维平均长度的方法。     

磷对旱地胡麻氮吸收转运及利用的影响

为研究磷对旱地胡麻氮吸收转运及利用的影响,以胡麻品种‘轮选2号’和‘定亚22号’为材料,4个施磷(P₂O₅)水平(0、45、90、135 kg/hm²)为因素,采用完全随机区组设计,于2017年和2018年在定西进行大田试验。结果表明：磷影响旱地胡麻地上部分氮吸收转运和氮生理利用率,且年份间差异显著;年份、品种和磷互作对花期和成熟期地上部分氮吸收量、成熟期籽粒氮吸收量和分配率,茎叶和其他部分中氮总转运量、转运率、贡献率及氮生理利用率影响显著。与不施磷相比,施磷使旱地胡麻花期和成熟期地上部分氮吸收量平均提高76%和82%;成熟期籽粒中氮吸收量和分配率平均提高127%和25%;茎、叶和其他部分中氮的转运量和转运率分别平均提高556%、102%、237%和16%。‘轮选2号’氮生理利用率随施磷量增加而显著增加,‘定亚22号’氮生理利用率在施磷(P₂O₅)90 kg/hm²和135 kg/hm²间差异不显著。相关分析表明,施磷量与旱地胡麻氮吸收转运和利用显著正相关。     

不同配方比对亚麻屑复合材料力学性能的影响

采用单因素实验方法及两步法工艺，分别制备出亚麻屑比例不同的木塑复合材料，检测其力学性能。结果表明，随着亚麻屑比例的增加，木塑复合材料的力学性能呈现出先升后降的趋势，当亚麻屑的含量为60%时，其力学性能最佳，并根据制备过程确定了最优工艺和实验配方。     

多元胡麻轮作模式对土壤团聚体特征及氮素含量的影响

为探索西北旱区利于维护农田土壤良好的理化性质的种植制度,采用大田试验,以休闲处理为对照,研究了100% Flax、50% Flax（Ⅰ）、50% Flax（Ⅱ）和25% Flax 4个胡麻种植频率,100% Flax（Cont F）,50% Flax（Ⅰ）：WFPF、FPFW、PFWF、FWFP,50% Flax（Ⅱ）：FWPF、WPFF、PFFW、FFWP,25% Flax：WPWF、PWFW、WFWP、FWPW,其中F为胡麻,P为马铃薯,W为小麦,共13个种植模式下农田土壤团聚体稳定性及其氮素含量的分布状况。结果表明：土壤团聚体平均重量直径（MWD）和几何平均直径（GMD）与分形维数（D）、团聚体破坏率（PAD）之间呈极显著负相关关系,与0.5~1.0 mm粒径中NH₄⁺-N含量和>2 mm粒径中NO₃^--N含量呈显著正相关关系,团聚体稳定性的增大显著提高了土壤中硝铵态氮含量。50% Flax（Ⅰ）胡麻种植频率以及马铃薯茬口显著增加了>0.25 mm粒径大团聚体含量、MWD和GMD,显著降低了土壤的D、PAD和土壤可蚀性（K）;不同轮作模式下FWFP处理显著提高0.25~2.00 mm粒径水稳性大团聚体含量,显著增加土壤团聚体MWD和GMD和抗侵蚀能力,降低分形维数和团聚体破坏率,使其土壤团聚体结构越稳定。由此表明,FWFP轮作模式可显著提高土壤水稳性大团聚体含量,促进土壤大团聚体的形成,增加土壤团聚体稳定性,对我国北方胡麻轮作可持续发展具有重要指导意义。