Analysis of Sediment Source of Watershed in Western Shanxi of the Loess Plateau

1 INTRODUCTIONThe Loess Plateau is the most drastic soil erosion regionin China, with the most severe water erosion. Thedistribution of types and intensity of erosion not onlyhave regional diversity but also have perpendicularvariation. In the small watershed, there are differencesin erosion characters among its upper, middle and lowerreaches. It is very significant for taking rationalmeasures of soil and water conservation and forpreventing soil and water loss to analyze the relationbe…     

坡度对降雨径流挟沙能力影响的模拟试验

高陡边坡降雨径流侵蚀输移能力是一个重要的科学问题。通过室内模拟降雨试验研究相同雨强不同坡度和坡长条件下的降雨径流侵蚀输移规律。结果表明：(1)试验条件下,水深与水力坡度的1/3次方呈负相关,与坡长的3/5次方呈正相关,流速与水力坡度和水深呈幂函数增加;(2)相同雨强裸坡条件下,径流含沙量与水力坡度的1/2次方呈正相关,与坡长的4/5次方呈正相关。水流挟沙能力约与水力坡度的1/2次方呈正相关。(3)降雨径流的水流紊动扩散作用与重力作用的比值较明渠水流偏大,表明雨滴打击的紊动作用较明显,给出挟沙能力公式。与常用的河流泥沙挟沙能力公式比较,系数偏大,指数偏小。研究成果对深入分析降雨径流侵蚀输移的机制具有重要意义。     

南四湖表层底泥中多环芳烃有机污染及其生态风险研究

通过对南四湖9个采样点表层底泥中16种美国EPA规定的优控PAHs的含量测定,分析了PAHs在南四湖表层底泥中的分布特征、来源,进而对其生态风险进行了评价。结果表明:河口区的PAHs含量最高,主要是受污染严重的入湖河流的影响。微山岛和二级坝附近表层底泥中PAHs的含量与湖内其他点位相比较高,且上级湖的含量要高于下级湖的含量。表层沉积物中PAHs主要来源于化石燃料的不完全燃烧,但也存在一定的石油污染。南四湖表层底泥中的PAHs生态风险很小,未对生物造成不利影响,属于轻微污染水平。     

从自然地理背景宏观判析黄河中游粗泥沙集中来源区

为在黄河中游多沙粗沙区确定粗泥沙集中来源区,从黄河中游多沙粗沙区地质构造、地层岩性、地貌类型、水文气象等因素与产粗泥沙关系的区域差异对粗泥沙集中来源区进行了宏观判析,认为在黄河中游多沙粗沙区范围内,吴旗—志丹—延安—延长一线以北、东胜—准格尔—清水河一线以南、吴旗—榆林—神木—大柳塔一线以东(风沙区以东)至晋西北黄河沿岸的范围是侵蚀最为严重的地区,也是粗泥沙集中来源区的宏观待选范围。     

黄土高原半干旱区水土保持植被恢复限度——以人工柠条林为例

为了确定水资源不足地区植被恢复潜力和水土保持林建设目标,在黄土丘陵半干旱区宁夏固原上黄试区,对相同立地条件的16年生人工柠条林进行疏伐,建立不同密度林地,进行林分密度、森林植被水土保持效益和土壤水分关系的定位实验。结果表明：平均基径随密度的增加而减少,二者为线性关系;盖度随密度的增加而增大,盖度与密度为对数关系;林冠截留随密度的增加而增大,二者为指数关系;地表径流随密度的增加而减少,二者为对数关系;泥沙含量随密度的减少而增加,二者关系可用倒S形曲线描述。虽然密度增加,盖度增加,森林植被水土保持效益增强,但是受土壤水资源的限制,柠条林有一个最大恢复限度。当超过限度时,势必会引发或加剧土壤旱化。     

城市河道不同深度沉积物对氨氮的吸附-解吸特征

针对城市污染河道是否需要清淤治理界线难以确定的问题,采用批平衡静态室内试验研究和Langmuir、Freundlich及Henry等温模型模拟的方法,以北京市通州区北运河土沟、榆林庄及和合站3个典型断面不同深度沉积物为研究材料,设定氨氮标准溶液质量浓度为20、40、80、160、200、320、400和600mg/L 8个梯度,对氨氮的吸附和解吸热力学行为进行研究。结果表明:1)Langmuir、Freundlich及Henry等温模型对吸附和解吸过程拟合较好,相关系数R~20.85;2)各典型断面0~20、20~40和40~60cm深度单位质量沉积物对氨氮的理论最大吸附质量分别为1 184.60~26 168.00、343.46~648.00和228.10~462.05mg/kg,0~20cm吸附潜力最大;理论最大解吸质量分别为178.11~367.52、98.45~329.62和78.58~148.51 mg/kg,0~60cm解吸潜力差异较小;3)Langmuir等温模型吸附常数kL大小关系为k_(L(0~20cm))k_(L(20~40cm))k_(L(40~60cm)),Freundlich等温模型吸附常数n大小关系为n_((0~20cm))n_((20~40cm))n_((40~60cm)),沉积物越深,对氨氮的吸附性能越好;解吸比n大小关系为n_((0~20cm))n_((20~40cm))n_((40~60cm)),沉积物越深,对氨氮的解吸程度越大;4)土沟断面0~40cm深度沉积物对氨氮吸附-解吸临界状态的氨氮质量浓度大于上覆污染水体的氨氮质量浓度;榆林庄及和合站断面0~60cm深度沉积物对氨氮吸附-解吸临界状态的氨氮质量浓度均小于上覆污染水体氨氮质量浓度。沉积物对氨氮的吸附-解吸过程存在动态平衡,所得动态模式和参数可为河道清淤治理提供理论指导。     

南湖表层沉积物中有机质·氮和磷的污染现状与评价

为了解武汉南湖的表层沉积物污染情况,测定了其中的有机质（OM）、总氮（TN）、总磷（TP）、铵氮（NH4＋-N）和硝态氮（NO3--N）含量。结果表明,排污口附近的采样点污染物含量高于其他各点。与其他几个城市内湖相比,南湖表层沉积物TN含量稍低,OM和TP含量相近;与城郊湖泊相比,南湖表层沉积物的OM、TN和TP都要高。采用有机氮和有机指数评价沉积物环境质量,有机氮和有机指数均值分别为0.306和2.010,说明南湖表层沉积物总体有机污染严重。     

Estimated stocks of organic carbon in mangrove roots and sediments in Hinchinbrook Channel,Australia

Aboveground and belowground root biomasses (Babove and Broot) were measured for young, isolated Rhizophorastylosa on Iriomote Island, Japan. The relationship between these two parameters was significant and given as the equation, Broot(g dry weight) = 0.394 × Babove(g dry weight) – 485 (r = 0.986). Multiple regression analyses also revealed good correlation between diameter and biomass of prop roots (Dprop and Bprop) and between prop root and root biomasses. Consequently, root biomass could be estimated from the measurements of diameter and biomass of prop roots using the multiple regression equation, Broot(g dry weight) = 80.0 ×Dprop(cm) + 0.86 ×Bprop (g dry weight) – 251. The relationship between DBH (diameter at breast height) and prop root biomass was also adequately described using an allometric equation.In Hinchinbrook Channel, Australia, redox potential (measured as Eh) and organic carbon stocks in the top 5cm of mangrove sediments were measured along a 600m transect from the frequently inundated, Rhizophora dominated zone on the creek edge, towards higher grounds, where Ceriops spp. became increasingly dominant. Eh values were about –60mV near the creek edge and increased to 260mV on higher grounds. Organic carbon stocks showed an opposite trend to Eh, with the values decreasing from about 360tCha–1 to 160tCha–1. At 18 sites, representing six different habitats, organic carbon stocks were also measured along with the DBH of mangrove trees. DBH was converted into aboveground biomass and then into root biomass using the equations obtained in the study on Iriomote Island. The average organic carbon stocks in the top 50 cm of sediments, aboveground biomass and root biomass were 296tCha–1, 123 tCha–1 and 52 tCha–1, respectively, and accounted for 64%, 25% and 11% of the total organic carbon stock.     

微生物制剂对养殖池塘细菌群落影响的PCR-DGGE分析

为了解微生物制剂在水产养殖环境修复中的作用机制,采用聚合酶链式反应—变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)方法,研究不同微生物制剂对养殖池塘上覆水和沉积物中细菌群落的影响。结果显示,施用微生物制剂前后,试验塘上覆水样品中细菌的DGGE优势条带无明显变化,细菌群落组成没有明显差异,提示微生物制剂对试验塘上覆水中的细菌群落组成影响很小。相对而言,施用过微生物制剂的池塘相对于对照池塘其细菌群落结构发生的变化较大;泼洒EM菌原粉3 000 g/hm2加芽孢杆菌原粉750 g/hm2的试验塘沉积物中细菌群落2 d内发生了较大变化,之后相对稳定,对照池塘和泼洒EM菌原粉3 000 g/hm2加光合细菌原粉1 500 g/hm2的试验塘沉积物中细菌群落组成变化很小。     

辽东湾北部近海海域表层沉积物类型及分布特征

对2004年采自辽东湾北部近海海域的16个表层沉积物样品作了粒度分析和粒度参数计算,并进行了沉积物分类和分布特征的研究,结果表明,辽东湾北部近海的表层沉积物粒度主要由粉砂组成,平均含量65.15%,平均粒径5.031。总的特征是在5~10 m等深线,沉积物粒度的平均粒径由东部的4.530、中部的5.050逐渐增大到西部的6.236。沉积物粒度的组成类型由东向西按粉砂质砂→砂质粉砂→粉砂→砂-粉砂-黏土→黏土质粉砂由粗至细排列。