香港有机农业发展

有机农业是利用天然再生资源配合环境和生态作用以生产高质量农产品和避免虫害的可持续农业生产方式。在20世纪80年代,有机农业由一些环保团体引入香港;在过去10年间,有机农业广泛引起社会的注意和兴趣。2000年香港政府推出（有机耕作转型计划）,目的主要是为香港农业创造新的生产模式,同时为市民提供多一个新鲜农产品的选择机会。首先介绍有机农业的一些重要概念和香港有机农业的发展过程,然后分析并评论有机耕作转型计划的成功和失败之处。     

Nitrate leaching losses and their control in a mixed farm system in the Cotswold Hills, England

Abstract. Nitrate leaching was measured for four years at the Royal Agricultural College 's Coates Farm in the Cotswolds, England. Coates is a typical Cotswold mixed farm with thin, well-drained calcareous soils especially prone to leaching. Over the duration of this study there were dairy, sheep and arable enterprises on the farm. A 'Farm Gate' nitrogen (N) budget was constructed. Small 120 m × 20 m 'farmlets' were sited in ten fields across the farm, covering all parts of the rotation, as the sites for detailed measurements. Each farmlet received the same management as the rest of the field in which they were situated. Using ceramic probes inserted to 60 cm, soil water was sampled every two weeks throughout the winter drainage season. The annual drainage varied from 135 mm under grassland in 1996/7 to 600 mm under cereals in 1998/9. Average N losses by leaching were determined mostly by rainfall and were 65 kg N ha^–1 yr^–1, accounting for 25% of the N inputs. Especially leaky parts of the rotation were the ploughing out of a lucerne ley and the grazing of stubble turnips with sheep, both typical Cotswold farm practices. The research highlights some of the difficulties in developing practicable, profitable management practices to decrease nitrate losses.     

Chemical and biochemical properties in a silty loam soil under conventional and organic management

To improve soil fertility, efforts need to be made to increase soil organic matter content. Conventional farming practice generally leads to a reduction of soil organic matter. This study compared inorganic and organic fertilisers in a crop rotation system over two cultivation cycles: first crop broad bean (Vicia faba L.) and second crop mixed cropped melon-water melon (Cucumis melo-Citrullus vulgaris) under semi-arid conditions. Total organic carbon (TOC), Kjeldahl-N, available-P, microbial biomass C (Cmic), and N (Nmic), soil respiration and enzymatic activities (protease, urease, and alkaline phosphatase) were determined in soils between the fourth and sixth year of management comparison. The metabolic quotient (qCO₂), the Cmic/Nmic ratio, and the Cmic/TOC ratio were also calculated. Organic management resulted in significant increases in TOC and Kjeldahl-N, available-P, soil respiration, microbial biomass, and enzymatic activities compared with those found under conventional management. Crop yield was greater from organic than conventional fertilizer. The qCO₂ showed a progressive increase for both treatments during the study, although qCO₂ was greater with conventional than organic fertilizer. In both treatments, an increase in the Cmic/Nmic ratio from first to second crop cycle was observed, indicating a change in the microbial populations. Biochemical properties were positively correlated (p < 0.01) with TOC and nutrient content. These results indicated that organic management positively affected soil organic matter content, thus improving soil quality and productivity.     

长期淹水条件下稻鱼复合种养对土壤养分和酶活性的影响

稻鱼复合种养能减少化肥和农药的施用,在保证水稻正常生长和稻田环境质量稳定的同时提高农民经济效益。本研究选取“巨型稻”和 “稻花鲤”为稻鱼复合种养试验材料,开展为期两年的田间定位试验,设置稻鱼复合种养（URF30）、单独水稻种植（UR30）和干湿交替（CK）三种种植模式处理,在分蘖期结束时淹水30 cm并持续保持水位至收获,分析水稻不同生育期土壤养分含量、微生物量和酶活性,探讨长期淹水稻鱼复合种养模式对土壤养分和酶活性的影响。结果表明,URF30处理在连续的两年内土壤有机碳（SOC）含量和土壤总氮（TN）含量呈增加趋势,并且高于其他处理,籽粒产量均高于其他处理。UR30和URF30处理进行短期淹水后,土壤中硝态氮和有效磷含量下降,同时土壤中β-葡萄糖苷酶（BG）活性和脲酶（UR）活性显著降低;稻田长期淹水会降低土壤微生物量氮（MBN）含量,UR30处理2020年和2021年土壤MBN含量在长期淹水后分别显著下降146.9%和55.8%;稻田养鱼有利于土壤整体酶活性的提高,2020年和2021年URF30处理土壤酶几何平均值比UR30处理分别高5.8%和7.5%,比CK分别高19.4%和15.6%。研究表明,稻田进行短期淹水导致土壤微生物在水稻拔节期受到磷限制,长期淹水导致土壤微生物在水稻成熟期受到氮限制。巨型稻复合种养在长期淹水条件下仍能有效保证土壤肥力和土壤酶活性,在水稻产量稳定的基础上提高经济收益。     

4种旱地耕作方法下不同覆盖形式对玉米产量的影响

秋深耕+秋施肥+春免耕(A1)、秋浅耕+秋施肥+春免耕(A2)两种耕作方法明显优于其他耕作方法,每公顷增产玉米1009.5～1182.0kg;玉米整秆覆盖(B2)、玉米碎秆覆盖(B3)、地膜覆盖(B1)3种覆盖之间无显著差异,但都比不覆盖(B4)显著增产,每公顷增产玉米1031.7～1281.7kg。16个处理中,A1B3(秋深耕+秋施肥+春免耕+玉米碎秆覆盖)、A1B2(秋深耕+秋施肥+春免耕+玉米整秆覆盖)两处理的玉米产量最高,公顷产量达6508.5和6381.0kg,是干旱地区可选择的保墒蓄水增产耕作栽培形式。     

Reverse leasing and power dynamics among blue agave farmers in western Mexico

We examine changing production relations in the Mexican tequila industry to explore the ways in which large industrial firms are using “reverse leasing arrangements,” a form of contract farming, to extend their control over small agave farmers. Under these arrangements, smallholders rent their parcels to contracting companies who bring in capital, machinery, labor, and other agricultural inputs. Smallholders do not have access to their land, nor do they make any of the management decisions. We analyze the factors that have led some producers to participate in reverse leasing arrangements, while allowing other producers to continue farming independently. In addition, we look at the ways in which farmers are responding to these new production relations and constraints and the strategies that they are using to regain control over the production process.

河北省种植业生态系统能值分析

根据河北省2000到2010年种植业投入产出统计数据,动态分析了河北省种植业投入产出状况,评价了河北省种植业生态系统的可持续发展状况,认为河北省种植业生态系统已完成了从传统种植业类型向现代种植业类型的转变。     

农业产业化经营组织间合作的选择

借助联盟博弈的沙普利值求解,对参与农业产业化经营的主要组织形式:农户、农民合作经济组织和公司的合作利益分配模式进行研究,从利益分配的有效性表明公司+农民合作经济组织+农户是适合农业产业化经营的模式。     

新农村建设中新型合作经济组织规模化的政策建议

农村新型合作经济组织规模化发展对于社会主义新农村建设发展有着重要的促进作用。农村合作经济的发展需要国家政策的积极引导与支持,同样,农村新型合作经济组织规模化发展也需要国家的政策支持。     

Influence of reduced tillage on earthworm and microbial communities under organic arable farming

Although reduced tillage is an agricultural practice reported to decrease soil erosion and external inputs while enhancing soil fertility, it has still rarely been adopted by European organic farmers. The objective of this study was to assess the long-term interactive effects of tillage (conventional (CT) vs. reduced (RT)) and fertilization (slurry (S) vs. composted manure/slurry (MCS)) on earthworms and microbial communities in a clay soil under spelt in an organic 6-year crop rotation. Earthworm populations (species, density and biomass, cocoons) were investigated by handsorting the soil nine years after initial implementation of the treatments. Soil microbial carbon (C_mic) and nitrogen (N_mic) were measured by chloroform-fumigation extraction and a simplified phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis was used to separate for populations of bacteria, fungi and protozoa. Significantly increased total earthworm density in RT plots was mainly attributed to increased numbers of juveniles. Moreover, we found five times more cocoons with RT. Species richness was not affected by the treatments, but tillage treatments had differentially affected populations at the species-level. In addition, cluster analysis at the community level revealed two distinct groups of plots in relation to tillage treatments. In RT plots C_mic increased in the 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm soil layers, while PLFA concentrations indicative of Gram-negative bacteria, fungi and protozoa only increased in the topsoil. Lower bacteria-to-fungi ratios in the upper soil layer of RT plots indicated a shift to fungal-based decomposition of organic matter whereas a higher C_mic-to-C_org ratio pointed towards enhanced substrate availability. Slurry application decreased microbial biomass and enhanced density of juvenile anecic earthworms but overall fertilization effect was weak and no interactions with tillage were found. In conclusion, tillage is a major driver in altering communities of earthworms and microorganisms in arable soils. The use of reduced tillage provides an approach for eco-intensification by enhancing inherent soil biota functions under organic arable farming.