土壤结构变化对包气带土壤水分参数的影响及环境效应

利用野外获得的实验数据,通过回归的方法获得不同岩性的水分特征曲线和渗透系数曲线的关系式,并讨论了因采矿塌陷引起包气带土壤结构变化而对包气带水分参数的影响。最后讨论了包气带水分参数的变化对当地环境造成的不利影响。     

强非线性水平混沌振动台

该文研究了一种水平混沌振动台,机构的运动微分方程是强非线性的,数值仿真和实验结果表明,该振动台的动态响应是混沌的,且敏感依赖于初始条件。     

我国Bt棉花商业化的环境影响与风险管理策略

Bt转基因棉花于1997年在我国商业化种植，到2006年种植面积已达棉花总面积的70％。环境影响监测表明，Bt棉花有效地控制了棉铃虫和红铃虫的发生和为害，但盲蝽蟓类害虫演化上升成为棉田的主要害虫。抗性分析显示，虽然棉铃虫自然种群对Bt棉花抗性基因频率没有明显的变化，但Bt棉花髙强度种植地区的棉铃虫耐受性正逐年提高，已成为影响Bt棉花持续利用的主要因素。基于Bt棉花环境风险和影响因子的综合分析，本文讨论了Bt棉花环境风险的管理策略。     

高静压对蜡样芽孢杆菌的致死与损伤效应

本试验采用响应曲面法的Box-Behnken设计,研究了高静压处理对蜡样芽孢杆菌生命活动的影响。结果表明压力处理导致了蜡样芽孢杆菌的致死作用与损伤效应。利用Design Expert软件建立了致死率的响应模型,Y=62.8+27.2x1+7.3x2+3.2x3+1.0x21+2.6x22+1.0x23-2.0x1x2-1.0x1x3-0.7x2x3。方差分析表明模型达到极显著水平,模型的系数显著性检验提示压力、温度、时间以及压力与温度的交互作用对致死率有显著影响。试验还运用VITEK细菌鉴定方法快速检测了蜡样芽孢杆菌压致生理生化损伤,结果证明压力导致菌体对外界营养分子利用以及药物敏感性等方面的特性发生了改变。     

土壤侵蚀时空变异及其与环境因子的时空关系

土壤侵蚀的时空变异是指在一定的景观内 ,不同时间、不同地点的土地侵蚀特征存在明显的差异性和多样性。土壤侵蚀的时空变异是多重尺度上的植被、土地利用、气象 (降雨 )、地形和土壤等多因子综合作用的结果 ,但是就某一具体地区而言存在重点尺度和主控因子 ,土壤侵蚀的重点尺度与主控因子的时空关系因时间、空间和尺度而异。综述了土壤侵蚀的时空变异及其与环境因子时空关系的研究进展     

Drought pretreatment increases the salinity resistance of tomato plants

Agricultural productivity is worldwide subjected to increasing salinity problems. Various strategies are applied to overcome the deleterious effects of salinity on plants. This study was conducted in order to determine whether drought pretreatment of seedlings or seed pretreatment with NaCl increases the long‐term salinity resistance of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) and whether the adaptive response to salinity is accompanied by physiological changes throughout the plant‐growth cycle. When plants were pretreated at the five‐leaf growth stage, the plant dry weight was significantly higher in drought‐pretreated than in non‐pretreated plants after 50 d of salt treatment. The positive effect of drought pretreatment applied at the five‐leaf stage was maintained throughout the entire growth cycle, as fruit yield of drought‐pretreated plants was 40% higher than that of non‐pretreated plants at the end of the harvest period (150 d of 70 mM NaCl treatment). Moreover, the most productive plants maintained lower Na⁺ and Cl^– accumulation in their leaves until the end of the growth cycle, which shows that adaptation is a long‐term response during which the plants adjust their physiology to the environmental conditions. Salt resistance was also improved through seed pretreatment with NaCl. In conclusion, drought pretreatment applied at the five‐leaf stage or seed pretreatment with NaCl provide an alternative way to enhance salt resistance in tomato, and the increase in yield is associated with physiological changes throughout the plant‐growth cycle.     

Estimating floristic integrity in tallgrass prairie

Indices are needed in habitat conservation and restoration to provide repeatable measures relevant to conservation goals. A monitoring and research program was established at Nachusa Grasslands in north-central Illinois (USA) to assess progress in tallgrass prairie restoration and reconstruction efforts and evaluate the effectiveness of indices used to measure community-level properties related to vegetation integrity. Indices selected for comparison included standard diversity measures (e.g., Shannon-Weiner Index, Evenness, Species Richness) and indices developed specifically to estimate vegetation integrity. These latter indices included two unweighted diversity indices, the Species Richness Index and Native Richness Index, and two indices weighted by characteristics of species composition, the Floristic Quality Index (FQI) and its component Mean Coefficient of Conservatism (Mean C). A coefficient of conservatism (CC) is an integer ranging from 0 to 10 assigned a priori to each taxon in a regional flora that estimates the fidelity of a species to natural areas (non-native and most ruderal species are assigned 0 or low values, respectively; species known primarily from natural areas are assigned higher values). All indices compared in this study were calculated using vegetation data collected from equal-sized sampling grids stratified across seven prairie units. The units included remnants and plantings representing a wide range of habitat quality. The FQI and Mean C explained the most variation among sites and were most effective at distinguishing recognized qualitative differences indicating they can be more informative than traditional species-diversity measures in assessing floristic integrity within community types. The FQI and Mean C are applicable to both quantitative ecological monitoring and plotless survey methods.     

渗灌对番茄根系生长发育的影响

Four depth treatments of subsurface drip irrigation pipes were designated as 1) at 20, 2) 30 and 3) 40 cm depthsall with a drip-proof flumes underneath, and 4) at 30 cm without a drip-proof flume to investigate the responses of atomato root system to different technical parameters of subsurface drip irrigation in a glass greenhouse, to evaluate tomatogrowth as affected by subsurface drip irrigation, and to develop an integrated subsurface drip irrigation method for optimaltomato yield and water use in a glass greenhouse. Tomato seedlings were planted above the subsurface drip irrigationpipe. Most of the tomato roots in treatment 1 were found in the top 0-20 cm soil depth with weak root activity but withyield and water use efficiency (WUE) significantly less (P=0.05) than treatment 2; root activity and tomato yield weresignificantly higher (P=0.05) with treatment 3 compared to treatment 1; and with treatment 2 the tomato roots andshoots grew harmoniously with root activity, nutrient uptake, tomato yield and WUE significantly higher (P=0.05) oras high as the other treatments. These findings suggested that subsurface drip irrigation with pipes at 30 cm depth witha drip-proof flume placed underneath was best for tomato production in greenhouses. In addition, the irrigation intervalshould be about 7-8 days and the irrigation rate should be set to 225 m^3 ha^-1 per event.     

Optimization of Farmyard Manure to Substitute Mineral Fertilizer for Sustainable Productivity and Higher Carbon Sequestration Potential and Profitability under Gardenpea-French Bean Cropping System in the Indian Himalayas

Carbon sequestration potential (CSP) and sustainability of gardenpea-french bean cropping system was assessed with farmyard manure (FYM) application vis-à-vis mineral fertilization as recommended NPK (NPK) and integrated nutrient management practices (INM) after six years’ cropping in Indian Himalayas. Application of 20 tons FYM ha^?1 provided highest CSP (0.527 Mg C ha^?1 year^?1) in soil and sustainability index. With the help of quadratic equations, it was estimated that maximum profit (optimum yield) and turn over of invested money could be achieved with application of 20.0 and 15.6 t FYM ha^?1, respectively. Application of 5.9 and 8.9 tons FYM ha^?1 would substitute NPK and INM, respectively. Pod number plant^?1 was the most important yield-contributing attribute as found from principal component analysis. Pod yield could be modelled through multiple linear equation with help of yield attributes.     

黄土丘陵区翻白草光合特性的研究

运用开放式气体交换LI-6400便携式光合作用测定系统,测定了自然条件下黄土丘陵区翻白草(Potentilladiscolor Bunge)的光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Cs)及其光响应曲线.(1)翻白草净Pn日进程呈"单谷"型曲线,在早晨800,Pn为全天最大值14.91μmol/(m2·s);至1400,Pn降到最小值0.13 μmol/(m2·s),植物进入"午休"状态.(2)翻白草的光补偿点为51.4μmol/(m2·s),光饱和点为527μmol/(m2·s),表观量子效率为0.056 6,说明翻白草属于典型的阳生植物.(3)在光响应过程中,随着有效光辐射强度(RPA)的增强,翻白草的蒸腾速率(Tr)一直处于上升趋势,与Gs变化趋势完全一致,二者呈指数关系.翻白草WUE随RPA的增强呈抛物线状变化,在初始阶段,WUE增加较快,RPA为800 μmol/(m2·s)时,WUE达到最大值4.68 mmol/mol之后,WUE开始逐渐降低,但是变化较小.