Impacts of Institutional Reforms on Irrigated Agriculture in Pakistan

Poor functioning of theirrigation system in Pakistan has been asource of concern for the last few decades,during which time it has been the subject ofconsiderable external assistance andinternal policy reforms. Consequently, thegovernment of Pakistan introducedinstitutional restructuring in irrigationand drainage subsectors to impartnecessary improvements. Under thesereforms, management at secondary canallevel has recently been handed over to theFarmers Organizations (FOs) of selecteddistributaries in pilot areas. This studywas designed to evaluate a farmer-manageddistributary in southern Punjab. Fieldmeasurements revealed that hydraulicaspects of the irrigation service deliveredby the FO management has been significantlyimproved and as a result highlyproportionate and equitable waterdistribution was observed, particularly atthe tail reaches of the distributary. Dueto effective FO management farmers'interventions to increase the outletdischarge by illegal means has been almosteradicated. As a result of theseimprovements imparted by the FO in systemmanagement, the extent of irrigated area hasincreased on average by 6 to 7%, evenunder severe drought-like conditionsprevailing in the country during recentyears. Further cost recoveries haveincreased by an amount of 14% for summerand 23% for winter growing seasons,respectively, from the irrigated area of thedistributary. Thus experience from Hakra4-R distributary has shown that even underundesirable natural circumstancesIrrigation Management Transfer (IMT) wasquite effective in achieving the keytargets of the institutional reformslaunched at pilot scale in the country.     

柴油机三大精密偶件密封性对供油特性的影响

柴油机喷油泵的柱塞、出油阀和针阀这三大精密偶件的磨损程度直接影响到柴油机的供油规律和各种综合性能。为此,采用二次回归正交设计的方法,通过大量的试验数据,建立了精密偶件的磨损量与供油量之间的定量关系式,从而更直观、清楚地了解到三大精密偶件的密封性对供油量影响程度的主次关系。     

SL4105柴油机的连杆杆身的变形分析

对SL4105柴油机的连杆进行了精确的三维建模,并考虑到连杆锻造毛坯和加工误差对连杆刚度的影响,根据实际情况对连杆运动时的整体变形进行了计算分析。分析结果表明:连杆的锻造加工误差会使连杆在最大爆发压力下产生较大的弯曲变形,变形最大值的大小和位置因加工误差的不同而不同。     

寒带无人值守机房冬季节能及补热方式

黑龙江冬季寒冷且时间长，各无人值守机房在冬季将消耗大量电能来取暖。由于无线移动基站很多，采取节能方式将降低运行成本。为此，介绍了一种节能和补偿热量方式，其实际应用效果显著。     

小水电站峰谷电量计算方法初探

为了正确评价小水电站的经济性,提高其设计质量,提出了一种较好的峰谷电量计算方法。首先,在指出常规计算方法没有要求计算日调节库容的弊病的基础上,提出了采取从调节库容中预留出足够的日调节库容的改进方法。接着,确定了一种较好的日调节库容计算方法。最后,给出了4种不同类的峰谷电量计算公式。     

玉米芯挥发特性的实验研究

为了更好地控制玉米芯汽化器的产气质量，有必要研究玉米芯的挥发特性。通过实验，研究了玉米芯的挥发份析出过程和特性，提出了在高温下玉米芯的挥发过程满足Ａｒｒｈｅｎｉｕｓ定律的假定，并由实验证是可行的，并且得出了相应的热化学动力学参考。     

X195柴油机优化调整节能技术的研究

动力性和经济性是柴油机的两个重要指标，广大发动机研究者一直致力于改善这两个指标。特别是在能源短缺的今天，如何提高发动机的动力性和经济性的问题就显得尤为重要。通过大量的台架实验．研究了X195柴油机的3项主要的调整参数(供油提前角、喷油压力、气门间隙)对其动力性和经济性的影响，分析了其影响因素，分别找出了最佳的调整范围。     

Relay-intercropping soybean with maize maintains soil fertility and increases nitrogen recovery efficiency by reducing nitrogen input

Optimized nitrogen(N)management can increase N-use efficiency in intercropping systems.Legume-nonlegume intercropping systems can reduce N input by exploiting biological N fixation by legumes.Measurement of N utilization can help in dissecting the mechanisms underlying N uptake and utilization in legume-nonlegume intercropping systems.An experiment was performed with three planting patterns:monoculture maize(MM),monoculture soybean(SS),and maize-soybean relay intercropping(IMS),and three N application levels:zero N(NN),reduced N(RN),and conventional N(CN)to investigate crop N uptake and utilization characteristics.N recovery efficiency and 15N recovery rate of crops were higher under RN than under CN,and those under RN were higher under intercropping than under the corresponding monocultures.Compared with MM,IMS showed a lower soil N-dependent rate(SNDR)in 2012.However,the SNDR of MM rapidly declined from 86.8%in 2012 to 49.4%in 2014,whereas that of IMS declined slowly from 75.4%in 2012 to 69.4%in 2014.The interspecific N competition rate(NCRms)was higher under RN than under CN,and increased yearly.Soybean nodule dry weight and nitrogenase activities were respectively 34.2%and 12.5%higher under intercropping than in monoculture at the beginning seed stage.The amount(Ndfa)and ratio(%Ndfa)of soybean N2 fixation were significantly greater under IS than under SS.In conclusion,N fertilizer was more efficiently used under RN than under CN;in particular,the relay intercropping system promoted N fertilizer utilization in comparison with the corresponding monocultures.An intercropping system helps to maintain soil fertility because interspecific N competition promotes biological N fixation by soybean by reducing N input.Thus,a maize-soybean relay intercropping system with reduced N application is sustainable and environmentally friendly.     

扇吸式太阳能杀虫灯在鲜食玉米田的应用效果及对节肢动物生物多样性的影响

为明确扇吸式杀虫灯在鲜食玉米田间的应用效果及对节肢动物生物多样性的影响,采用抽样鉴定方法调查扇吸式杀虫灯的诱虫谱,通过田间试验调查其对主要害虫亚洲玉米螟Ostrinia furnacalis的控制范围和防控效果,并采用黄板、糖醋酒液和陷阱法取样调查其对玉米田间节肢动物生物多样性的影响。结果表明,扇吸式杀虫灯在鲜食玉米田可诱集9目40科的昆虫,对亚洲玉米螟的有效控制距离在60 m左右,单灯控制面积约1.1 hm²。在大喇叭口期,灯光防控处理对亚洲玉米螟的株防效为25.83%,显著低于化学防控处理的76.74%;在乳熟期,化学防控处理的虫孔减退率为75.29%,显著高于灯光防控处理的21.18%,灯光防控处理、化学防控处理和对照的茎秆活虫数、虫孔隧道长度和雌穗防效差异均不显著。距灯80 m范围内不同距离的主要害虫与天敌种群数量基本一致,玉米不同生育期节肢动物群落多样性指数、均匀性指数、优势集中性指数和相似系数变化较大,但在同一生育期不同距离间均无显著差异,说明田间节肢动物群落主要受玉米生育期的影响,扇吸式杀虫灯对田间主要害虫和天敌种群无显著影响。表明扇吸式杀虫灯对亚洲玉米螟的防治效果有限,对田间节肢动物多样性无显著影响,可作为鲜食玉米田防治亚洲玉米螟的辅助手段,但无法替代化学防治。     

基于正交设计的糙条消能工评价方法

在新疆635溢洪道整治工程研究的基础上,基于正交设计原理,对溢洪道布置糙条消能工进行6因素3水平的正交试验,试验测得18种组合典型断面的瞬时流速和水深;通过对弯道微元化处理的方法,建立了质量离散系数C_m模型,并结合消能率η对试验结果进行了极差分析;考虑到建立导流效果评价方法的普适性,定义量纲一因子R_d和R_s,对布置参数与工程参数之间的相关性做了进一步分析.结果表明:质量离散系数C_m能够客观地反映糙条消能工的导流效果;就C_m指标影响程度而言,工程参数较布置参数的影响程度占主导地位,在实际工程中,工程参数的确定应充分考虑水流形态;由于R_d和R_s均是量纲一参数,因此在一般整流工程导流效果的评价方法上具有普适性.