Eighty Years of Grazing by Cattle Modifies Sagebrush and Bunchgrass Structure

Grazing by cattle is ubiquitous across the sagebrush steppe; however, little is known about its effects on sagebrush and native bunchgrass structure. Understanding the effects of long-term grazing on sagebrush and bunchgrass structure is important because sagebrush is a keystone species and bunchgrasses are the dominant herbaceous functional group in these communities. To investigate the effects of long-term grazing on sagebrush and bunchgrass structure, we compared nine grazing exclosures with nine adjacent rangelands that were grazed by cattle in southeast Oregon. Grazing was moderate utilization (30 ? 45%) with altering season of use and infrequent rest. Long-term grazing by cattle altered some structural aspects of bunchgrasses and sagebrush. Ungrazed bunchgrasses had larger dead centers in their crowns, as well as greater dead fuel depths below and above the crown level compared with grazed bunchgrasses. This accumulation of dry fuel near the meristematic tissue may increase the probability of fire-induced mortality during a wildfire. Bunchgrasses in the ungrazed treatment had more reproductive stems than those in the long-term grazed treatment. This suggests that seed production of bunchgrasses may be greater in ungrazed areas. Sagebrush height and longest canopy diameter were 15% and 20% greater in the ungrazed compared with the grazed treatment, respectively. However, the bottom of the sagebrush canopy was closer to the ground in the grazed compared with the ungrazed treatment, which may provide better hiding cover for ground-nesting avian species. Sagebrush basal stem diameter, number of stems, amount of dead material in the canopy, canopy gap size, and number of canopy gaps did not differ between ungrazed and grazed treatments. Moderate grazing does not appear to alter the competitive relationship between a generally unpalatable shrub and palatable bunchgrasses. Long-term, moderate grazing appears to have minimal effects to the structure of bunchgrasses and sagebrush, other than reducing the risk of bunchgrass mortality during a fire event.     

Vegetation Response to Juniper Reduction and Grazing Exclusion in Sagebrush-Steppe Habitat in Eastern Oregon

Western juniper expansion is one of the largest threats to conserving sagebrush steppe ecosystems in the northwestern United States. Juniper expansion has degraded the sagebrush steppe by altering fire regimes and outcompeting shrubs and herbaceous vegetation for limited resources. We characterized the effect of juniper removal in a severely degraded sagebrush steppe habitat for 3 yr following juniper cutting. In addition, we measured the effect of low-intensity seasonal grazing on plant community recovery through cattle exclusion treatments. We monitored plant community composition (exotic annual grasses, preferred grasses, preferred forbs, and shrubs); fuel loads; and juniper recruitment in a factorial design of juniper removal and grazing exclusion. We found that although there were significant differences between cut and uncut juniper treatments, there were no consistent trends across all 3 yr. Our results suggest that other factors, such as timing of precipitation, may also have strong short-term effects on plant community composition. We detected no significant grazing effects during the study period, suggesting the current grazing regime is appropriate for the area. The cutting of juniper increased total fuel loads and herbaceous fuel loads. Compared with open interspace, a twofold increase in juniper seedlings and saplings was detected beneath juniper piles, which will act as sources for future juniper encroachment.     

薪炭林植物选择指标数值分析

根据薪炭林植物应具有热值高,抗旱性强的特点,文章选择了产量、热值、水势、组织含水量、自由水/束缚水和自然饱和亏六个特征指标,在单指标分析的基础上,又应用数值分析技术选出了沙棘、狼牙刺、山桃、柠条、沙打旺、草木樨、苜蓿、红豆草共8个优良的薪炭林植物种。     

辽东桤木林抗火机理的研究

辽东桤木（ＡｌｎｕｓｔｉｎｃｔｏｒｉａＳａｒｇ．）又名色赤杨,属桦木科（Ｂｅｔｕｌａｃｅａｅ）赤杨属（Ａｌｎｕｓ）植物。该树种为１５～２０ｍ高的乔木,分布于东北３省和山东省境内,生长于海拔２００～１５００ｍ山地林中。具有耐瘠薄、萌蘖更新快等特点。其材...     

M85甲醇燃料在EQ6100发动机上应用的试验研究

为了缓解汽车对石油的依赖,改善我国大气污染,适应我国能源开发的需要,对保有量大、应用面广的ＥＱ６１００汽车发动机进行了高掺烧比例甲醇燃料（Ｍ８５）的技术改造和试验研究。通过对原发动机的结构改装和有关参数的调整,试验结果表明Ｍ８５甲醇发动机与原发动机相比,其动力性、经济性和尾气排放均有大幅度的改善和提高。甲醇燃料完全可以在现有改装的汽油机上使用。     

废植物油脂与废聚乙烯塑料共裂解制备燃油研究

研究在高压反应釜中,利用Zr O2/Al2O3/Ti O2多晶泡沫陶瓷催化剂,催化废植物油脂与废聚乙烯塑料共裂解制备燃油。考察了温度、时间、催化剂添加比例、物料质量比等因素对废植物油脂与废聚乙烯塑料共裂解制备燃油的影响。得到适宜的制备条件为反应温度430℃、反应时间40 min、催化剂质量分数15%、物料质量比1∶1,在此条件下,液体产物产率为65.9%。GC-MS分析表明,裂解液体中饱和烃类产物峰面积比例接近100%,其中97.85%为直链烷烃,并初步推断了废植物油脂与废聚乙烯塑料共裂解机理。产物的部分燃料油性能测定结果表明,裂解燃油热值明显高于生物柴油与0号柴油,密度和运动黏度符合0号柴油的标准,冷凝点和冷滤点均优于生物柴油,低温流动性好。     

对辊柱塞式成型机设计与试验

基于生物质固化成型领域活塞冲压式成型机能耗低、生产率低和模辊式成型机生产率高、能耗高的特点,提出一种新型对辊式成型方式,并设计和制造了样机。该成型机压辊圆周上均布了一系列柱塞,运行过程中压辊柱塞与环模模孔相互啮合,避免了成型孔之外的物料受到压辊的挤压与摩擦。为测试该成型机的性能,进行了正交试验研究,结果表明,该成型机的较优成型参数为:含水率15%,成型模具长径比5.25,主轴转速47.25 r/min。以木屑为原料,在较优成型参数的条件下进行了成型机性能指标的测试,结果表明,该成型机生产的成型颗粒直径为10 mm,成型颗粒密度为1.15 g/cm3,机械耐久性为96.28%,生产率为75 kg/h,能耗为56 k W·h/t,成型率为95%,工作噪声为79 d B,各项指标均达到设计要求,实现了连续稳定生产。     

基于自适应多分辨率分析的电动拖拉机驱动功率分配策略

燃料电池分布式驱动电动拖拉机（fuel cell distributed drive electric tractor,FCDET）能够有效解决环境污染和能源紧缺问题、推动农业可持续发展。针对FCDET牵引效率低、续航时间短、氢耗量大等问题,该研究提出了基于自适应多分辨率分析（adaptive multi-resolution analysis,AMRA）的犁耕驱动功率分配策略。首先建立燃料电池系统等效电路模型、总效率求解模型、能量耗散模型以及驱动电机响应模型。一次重构策略基于可调Q因子小波变换（tunable Qfactor wavelet transform,TQWT）,获得有效反应功率信号振荡特性的子序列。二次重构策略将低频子序列经过变分模态分解（variational mode decomposition,VMD）为若干个具有特殊稀疏性质的离散子信号。然后采用麻雀搜索算法（sparrow search algorithm,SSA）实时获取VMD的分解层数和二次惩罚因子的最优组合。最后将二次分解后的子序列和子信号按照频率特性进行重构,并将重构功率信号在各个能量源之间重新分配。以E...     

电活性菌藻膜耦合虹吸曝气技术处理海水养殖废水

人工湿地耦合微生物燃料电池(constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell,CW-MFC)被广泛应用于低碳氮比水产养殖废水处理。然而,高盐度抑制限制了其在海水养殖废水处理中的应用。针对高盐抑制,该研究利用海水底泥和海洋微藻构建电活性菌藻生物膜并结合虹吸曝气技术强化CW-MFC处理海水养殖废水。相比CW-MFC,强化系统对化学需氧量、总磷、总氮、磺胺甲恶唑、Cu²⁺的去除率分别提高33.46%,31.07%、25.64%、12.03%、24.25%。高通量测序显示,硝化和反硝化细菌Marinobacter、Muricauda、Xanthomarina生长状况良好;在MFC阳极和电活性菌藻生物膜表面,胞外呼细菌Geobacteraceae和Pseudomonas以及海洋微藻细菌Pseudooceanicola和Hoeflea被显著富集。研究结果表明,电活性菌藻生物膜耦合虹吸曝气技术可以有效提高CW-MFC系统处理海水养殖废水的效能。     

中国生物质燃料乙醇项目能量生产效率评估

为了对玉米和木薯乙醇的能量和可再生能量生产效率进行评估,该文统计了玉米和木薯乙醇生命周期能耗,并用市场价值量法按照主副产品的能耗进行了分配。计算出玉米和木薯燃料乙醇的净能量和净可再生能量。并计算了单产和化肥用量变化时的净能量和净可再生能量的变化。计算结果显示,玉米、木薯乙醇的净能量分别为1.472 MJ/L和2.417 MJ/L,净可再生能量分别为1.474 MJ/L和2.459 MJ/L。使用玉米、木薯生产燃料乙醇在能量生产和再生能量生产上都是可行的,木薯乙醇比玉米乙醇可行性更高,单产和化肥用量是提高能源利用和再生能源的关键因素,加强副产品的开发和使用有机肥代替化肥有利于提高系统的能效,提高系统的可再生性。