QRS complexes detection using quadratic b-spline wavelet transform algorithm

Aiming at the low accuracy and low adaptability of wave detection, a QRS complexes detection algorithm is proposed based on quadratic b-spline wavelet, while combined with binary search algorithm and arc approximating curve algorithm. The signal is decomposed with quadratic b-spline wavelet through Mallat algorithm and the R wave is detected by adjusting the threshold with binary search and modulus maximumizing. The T wave and P wave are detected by using arc approximating curve algorithm based on the least square. This algorithm is certified with the ECG signals from MIT-BIH database and is demonstrated that the algorithm enhanced the adaptability of R wave detection and improved the accuracy of T wave and P wave detection. The simulation experiment shows that the improved algorithm can effectively improve the automatic detection capabilities of ECG signals.     

不同干燥方式对苦瓜营养与品质特性的影响

【目的】研究不同干燥加工方式对苦瓜营养成分含量、抗氧化活性及品质特性的影响,为苦瓜干燥加工的工业化生产方式优选提供理论依据。【方法】以营养成分(多糖、维生素C、总酚、总黄酮、类胡萝卜素含量)、总抗氧化能力(ORAC)、感官特征(色泽、硬度)和微观结构为评价指标,研究真空冷冻干燥、日晒干燥、热泵干燥、热风干燥、微波干燥和真空热干燥共6种干燥方式对苦瓜营养成分、抗氧化活性、感观和质构品质的影响。【结果】在营养成分与抗氧化活性方面,除真空冷冻干燥外,其余5种干燥方式下苦瓜中多糖提取率无显著降低;热泵干燥多糖含量最高为29.22 mg·g~(-1) DW,微波干燥最低为16.91 mg·g~(-1) DW。干燥后Vc、总酚、总黄酮、类胡萝卜素含量和ORAC值均有所下降。热泵干燥Vc含量最高,微波最低,分别为84.81和6.64 mg·100 g~(-1)。热风干燥总酚和总黄酮含量最高,分别为32.04 mg GAE·g~(-1)和7.44 mg CE·g~(-1);真空冷冻干燥最低,分别为14.14 mg GAE·g~(-1)和0.36 mg CE·g~(-1)。热泵干燥类胡萝卜素含量最高,日晒最低,分别为0.86和0.11 mg·g~(-1) DW。热泵、微波和真空热干燥ORAC值均较高,分别为226.44、224.66、244.10μmol TE·g~(-1);真空冷冻干燥最低,为113.23μmol TE·g~(-1)。在感观品质方面,加热干燥会引起苦瓜的褐变,真空冷冻干燥可以较好的保持苦瓜的色泽;热泵干燥叶绿素a和b含量最高,日晒干燥含量最低;日晒干燥苦瓜硬度最高,真空冷冻最低。扫描电镜观察微观结构发现真空冷冻和真空热干燥苦瓜呈现蜂窝状松散结构,热风、热泵和日晒干燥苦瓜组织结构紧缩,微波干燥组织破裂,但无明显收缩。【结论】不同干燥方式对苦瓜营养与品质特性的影响差异较大。综合比较,热泵和热风干燥苦瓜营养成分与抗氧化活性损失较小,真空冷冻干燥苦瓜色泽和质构特征较好,日晒和微波干燥苦瓜的综合品质相对较差。     

两种干燥方式对香椿粉品质特性的影响

以香椿为原料,研究真空冷冻干燥和喷雾干燥对香椿粉的物理特性、基本成分、抗氧化活性、风味物质和微观结构的影响。结果表明：真空冷冻干燥香椿粉的综合品质较好。在物理特性方面,真空冷冻干燥香椿粉的得率较高、色泽浓绿,复水性、吸油性好;而喷雾干燥香椿粉的溶解度高、堆积密度大。在基本成分方面,真空冷冻干燥香椿粉的蛋白质、皂苷、生物碱含量均高于喷雾干燥;而VC、黄酮、多糖含量在两种干燥方式的香椿粉中无显著性差异。在抗氧化活性方面,真空冷冻干燥香椿粉的DPPH自由基清除力和还原力均高于喷雾干燥。在风味物质方面,从真空冷冻干燥和喷雾干燥的香椿粉中分别鉴定出49和41种挥发性成分,且真空冷冻干燥香椿粉含有较高的特征风味物质2-巯基-3, 4-二甲基-2,3-二氢噻吩。扫描电镜观察微观结构发现真空冷冻干燥香椿粉呈现蜂窝状松散结构,而喷雾干燥香椿粉多呈现出干瘪的圆球体状。综合考虑,真空冷冻干燥是一种适合制备高品质香椿粉的干燥方式。     

淮山片变温压差干制工艺优化及其特性研究

【目的】优化淮山片变温压差干制工艺,并研究该工艺对淮山片结构和主要功能成分的影响,为利用变温压差干制技术生产高品质淮山干制品提供理论依据。【方法】以复水比、色泽和收缩率为评价指标,结合模糊评判,采用二次回归正交旋转组合试验设计优化淮山片变温压差干制工艺条件,研究膨化温度(X1)、抽空温度(X2)和抽空时间(X3)对淮山片变温压差干制效果的影响规律,以及变温压差干制工艺对淮山片品质的影响。【结果】建立了淮山片综合评分(Y)的回归方程:Y=6.97-0.63X1-1.61X2-1.07X3+0.38X1X2-0.14X1X3+0.044X2X3-0.67X12-0.57X22-0.92X32(R2=0.9396),3个因素对淮山片综合评分均有极显著影响(P<0.01)。淮山片变温压差干制最佳工艺参数为:膨化温度87℃、抽空温度74℃、抽空时间138 min,在此条件下所制备的淮山片复水比为1.82,色泽L为91.32,收缩率为36.12%,综合评分为8.71分,得到的淮山片片形较好,黄酮和尿囊素保存率高。【结论】通过二次回归正交旋转组合设计优化得到的变温压差干制工艺能较好地保持淮山片片形、保留淮山活性成分,可有效应用于淮山片的干制,建立的模型能用于指导实际生产。     

高温胁迫对无核白鸡心和无核翠宝葡萄叶片光合及荧光特性的影响

【目的】分析不同光温条件下无核白鸡心和无核翠宝葡萄光合特性与荧光特性的变化,研究高温胁迫对无核白鸡心和无核翠宝葡萄光合作用的影响,以及高温对无核白鸡心和无核翠宝葡萄光合特性的影响。【方法】以无核白鸡心和无核翠宝葡萄为材料,采用LI-6400,FMS-2等仪器测定光合指标,分析高温胁迫对无核白鸡心和无核翠宝葡萄光合作用的影响。【结果】2020年葡萄生长发育期（4~9月）,高温环境的日最高温度43℃,日最高温超过40 ℃的天数为16 d;适温环境的日最高温仅38 ℃。高温环境与适温环境最高PAR光辐射强度值分别为1 887 和1 730 µmol/（m²·s）;2个品种的净光合速率日变化均呈双峰曲线,在10：00时高温环境Pn高达18.9 µmol/（m²·s）,高于适温环境13.0 µmol/（m²·s）。无核白鸡心在适温环境下光补偿点较高,无核翠宝在高温环境光补偿点较高;2个品种表观量子效率和暗呼吸速率在高温环境较高。无核翠宝qP和NPQ值在高温环境中高于适宜环境;无核白鸡心在高温环境中ΦPSⅡ值和电子传递速率值高于适宜环境。【结论】无核白鸡心在高温环境净光合速率最高,光合能力表现较好,长期在高温环境下生长已经适应高温。     

银杏果热风干燥工艺参数响应面法优化

利用自制的热风干燥在线测试装置,对银杏果的热风干燥进行了试验研究,探讨了热风温度、热风速度及装载量对含水率、干燥速率的影响,通过响应面分析和逐步逼近法分析了热风温度、热风速度及装载量与干燥过程平均能耗、平均干燥速率、蛋白质保存率以及干燥后的感官品质之间的关系,建立了二次回归数学模型。并利用函数期望优化方法进行了多目标函数优化,确定了银杏果热风干燥的最佳工艺参数组合。结果表明,银杏果热风干燥过程中加速过程不明显,主要集中在恒速和降速的干燥阶段。其最佳工艺参数组合为:热风温度68℃、热风速度1.15 m/s、装载量15.58 kg/m2。此时平均能耗为11.86 kW.h/kg、平均干燥速率为9.77%/h、蛋白质保存率为90.30%、感官评分为8.57分。     

冲孔网板双循环穿流热风干燥试验台设计

根据果蔬干燥特性和穿流带式干燥的原理及特点,在分析穿流干燥工艺的基础上,建立双循环穿流干燥试验台.该试验台为上下穿流循环系统,各系统均可独立运行,穿流风速0～10 m/s,温度30～150℃,相对湿度0～100％,可实现自动进风和排湿、能耗显示、各参数显示及记录等功能.在该试验台进行了红辣椒干燥试验,研究了前期干燥温度、后期干燥温度和铺料厚度因素对干燥单位能耗的影响,得出前期干燥温度70℃(20 min)+60℃ (40 min),后期干燥温度55℃,铺料厚度14 cm的干燥工艺可获得最少单位能耗.     

Effect of Water and Rice Straw Management Practices on Soil Organic Carbon Stocks in a Double-Cropped Paddy Field

ABSTRACT

Water and rice straw (RS) management practices can potentially affect the accumulation of soil organic carbon (SOC) in agricultural soils. Field experiments were conducted in two consecutive rice-growing seasons (wet and dry) to evaluate SOC stocks under different water (continuous flooding [CF], alternate wetting and drying [AWD]) and RS management practices (RS incorporation [RS-I], RS burning [RS-B], without RS incorporation and burning [WRS]) in a double-cropped paddy field. RS-I under AWD had higher volumetric water content than the same RS management under CF at tillering in both growing seasons. Total SOC was significantly higher under AWD at tillering in both wet and dry seasons and after harvesting in the dry season compared with CF. The same trend was also observed for C:N ratio at tillering and after harvesting in the dry season. RS-B plots had lower SOC stocks than RS-I and WRS plots across most of the measuring periods regardless of the growing seasons. SOC stocks were 33.09 and 39.31 Mg/ha at RS-B and RS-I plots, respectively, in the wet season, whereas the respective values were 21.45 and 24.55 Mg/ha in the dry season. Incorporation of RS enhanced SOC stocks under AWD irrigation, especially in the dry season before planting. Soil incorporation of RS in combination with AWD could be a viable option to increase SOC stocks in the double-cropped rice production region as it is strongly linked with soil fertility and productivity. However, the environmental consequences of RS incorporation in irrigated lowland rice production system should be taken into consideration before its recommendation for paddy field on a large scale.     

A quick method of soil moisture determination

Abstract

The method described here is useful for the quick determination of soil moisture, especially when many determinations are to be made at a time. The only pieces of apparatus required are some wide‐mouthed conical flasks, a few pieces of glass rod and a balance. The principle involves recording the weight of the flask filled with water and soil sample of known weight (A). This flask weight (H), and the predetermined soil particle density (D_p) and weight of the water‐filled flask (G) are then used to calculate moisture percentage (MP) in the soil sample from the formula:

The method was compared with conventional oven‐drying technique for a wide range of soil textures, moisture contents and other contrasting soil properties. The results obtained showed that the accuracy, precision and simplicity of the method are good, particularly for rapid practical uses.     

黄土高原地区几种土壤的水分状况与能量水平

采用土壤张力计和土壤吸力平板仪测定了黄绵土、黑垆土、黄墡土和(?)土4种土壤的原状土样和 扰动土样的水分特征曲线,并研究了4种土壤水分能量状况。结果表明,在20℃条件下,4种土壤的水分特征曲线 皆呈现一定的规律性,当土壤含水量在170-280 g／kg时,土壤水势大小顺序为黄绵土>黑垆土>黄墡土>(?)土。 田间原状土的土壤水分特征曲线与扰动土有较大差异,当土壤含水量在170-280 g／kg时,在土壤含水量相同条件 下,原状土的土壤水势大于扰动土,土壤水势在0--90 kPa时,原状土的含水量小于扰动土,原状土与扰动土土壤 水势的差异大小为(?)土>黄墡土、黑垆土>黄绵土。土壤水势为0--20 kPa时,土壤比水容量随水势降低而逐渐 降低,土壤在高水势段的比水容量呈现出(?)土>黄墡土>黑垆土>黄绵土的趋势,原状土的比水容量大于扰动土。