炼山对杉木人工林生态系统影响的计量与评价

在炼山、不炼山径流场定位观测基础上，根据炼山对杉木人工林生态系统的影响程度，首次采用定量方法对不同林地清理方式杉木林的生产效益、涵养水源效益及保持水土效益进行研究的结果表明：不炼山杉木人工体综合效益比炼山杉木人工林高１３６５．７６元／ｈｍ２，炼山清理迹地弊大于利。     

Phänotyp und Futterqualitat einschliefilich Konservierungseigenschaften bei Grasern

Phenotype and forage value, including conservation properties, of grasses The phenotype of grasses can be influenced by the date of harvest as well as by breeding programs. In contrast to dicotyledons, the stems of grasses are younger than the leaves, although the grass leaves are usually considered to have a higher nutritional value than the stems. In a field experiment, Lolium multiflorum Lam. ssp. gaudini (Parl.) Schinz et Kell. was grown as a model-plant in order to study effects of ploidy-level, N-fertilization, stage of development, and growth time on the main aspects of nutritional value and conservation properties in relation to the phenotype. As regards the nutritional value, the interactions of ploidy × plant organ (=stem or leaf) and of ploidy × N-input were not significant. Hence, the results for leaf and stem can be generahzed. Until the emergence of the inflorescence, EC 49, the stem showed a significant higher net energy content than the leaf; at later stages of development this relationship changed. The evaluation of the net energy content of leaf and stem was significantly influenced by the method of estimation. In vitro methods with rumen liquor may show the best approximation to the real value. The crude protein/energy ratio of the stem as compared to the leaf better meets the nutritional requirements of ruminants; on the other hand the leaf was more valuable than the stem in relation to the nitrate content, especially when the whole plant showed an increased nitrate level. The general relationship between the mineral content and the phenotype was not evident. The investigation indicated significant differences between stem and leaf in relation to their conservation properties. The leaf showed more favourable drying properties than the stem but ensilability was better for the stem than for the leaf. As a result of this investigation it is assumed that, in the past, the nutritional value of young stem has been underestimated whereas the value of the leaf has been overemphasized. This may also be due to the criteria and determination methods of the nutritional value.     

NOAA资料在草地资源监测中的应用研究

本文阐述了如何利用ＮＯＡＡ资料进行草地监测和产草量估计，在对不同时象的植被指数景象进行纠正的配准后，可叠加得到平均植被指数影象ＡＶＩ。使用聚类分析和数字地面高程模型，可将纠正的平均植被指数影象ＡＲＶＩ制成草地产量等级图。依据草地产量等级图，可对阜康县的１０个不同的草地产量级及其总产量给出准确的估计。     

Maize Smut Induced by Ustilago maydis (D. C.) Corda – Reaction of Maize Hybrids and Lines to Smut Disease

A field experiment was carried out during the growing seasons 1982, 1983 and 1984 to evaluate the reaction of different maize hybrids and lines to smut disease and to give further informations on the effect of environmental factors on smut incidence.
The kernels of 17 different maize hybrids and 17 inbred line were planted in the field and the stand was maintained constant of 30 plants per row during the respective years. Each plant was subjected to an artificial infection by dropping 2 ml of U. maydis -spore suspension into the leaf whorl at 6–8 leaf stage. Field observations, concerning the number, the size and location of smut galls were recorded for each individual plant whenever the symptoms appeared. The reaction of maize genotypes was evaluated on a new classified system and the differential response was correlated with the changes ol meteorological data.
The results indicated that hybrids: Circe LG9, E1, Kaceplns, Limac-LG11 and RA 94A x RA 320 as well as lines: F2, L1, L2, L8, RA 94A, RA 320, W33 and W401 were highly resistant; while the hybrids E2, F7 x EP1.J and Giga as well as lines: EP1J, F115, L5 and L6 were highly susceptible. The reaction of these genotypes exhibited an identical behaviour during the 3 years. The remaining genotypes were unstable and showed differential response to degree of infection and location of smut galls. The increase of smut infection in 1982 relative to that recorded in 1984, under the same wet weather conditions, was attributed to the increase of air temperature and sunshine duration. Under dry weather condition, as in 1983, increasing temperature and sunshine duration had little effect on smut incidence.     

内蒙古农牧交错带春季土壤底墒估算模式研究

利用内蒙古农牧交错区13个站点20a的土壤水分观测资料和常规气象资料,分析了前期不同时段降水量(R)和参考作物蒸散量(Eo)与春季实测底墒的关系,分别建立了不同生态气候经济类型地区0～50cm和0～20cm土层的底墒估算模型,并利用2001～2002年土壤湿度和相应的气象资料对模型进行了检验,预测准确率平均为91.1%。     

高山草地的光谱反射特征及其估产模型

对祁连山东段高山草地中５种植物群落的光谱反射特征进行了测试研究。结果表明：１）草本植物和灌木种群的光谱反射率在可见光波段上无显著差异，但在近红外波段存在显著差异；２）土壤背景和测试仪器高度对群落的光谱反射产生显著影响；３）植物生长盛期，可用近红外波段的反射差异来区分草地植物群落的空间分布：４）草地植物群落的地上植物量与几种变换的植被指数呈显著或极显著的非线性相关。     

野生动物价值评估方法的评价

野生动物不同于一般的商品,它是一种缺乏市场价格的“公共商品”。因此对野生动物价值的评估方法也不同于一般的经济学方法。本文根据国内外野生动物价值评估的研究现状,主要介绍了两种实用的野生动物价值评估方法即旅行费用法（TCM）和条件价值评估法（CVM）,并对这两种方法的优点及局限性进行了评价。     

渭河流域干旱指标空间分布研究

基于月降水数据,运用干旱指标研究渭河流域的干旱特征。以西安站为例,详细对比了Z指数与SPI计算结果的一致性和差异;分别采用1、3、6、9、12个月和24个月时间尺度SPI分析了该站历史旱涝状况及持续时间,并探讨了其季节旱涝特征。计算了渭河流域1995年11月不同时间尺度的SPI值,并绘制了相应的空间分布图。结果表明：多时间尺度SPI[WTBZ]能够反映出降水的分散情况,并给出降水量区间与干旱指标的对应关系,是进行旱涝监测和预报的一种有效手段;发生于1995年的渭河全流域干旱具有季节性和多年特征,干旱程度总体上由东南部向西北部递减。     

新型农村合作医疗制度对农民就医决策的影响——基于“中国健康与营养调查”数据的双重差分估计

基于"中国健康与营养调查"数据中2000、2004、2006及2009年共4期的县级面板数据,从农民医疗服务利用中就医决策角度,对新型农村合作医疗制度的政策效果进行实证分析。利用新型农村合作医疗制度逐步覆盖的特征,借鉴双重差分模型,分析了新型农村合作医疗制度对农民到正规医疗机构就诊的影响。结果表明,新型农村合作医疗制度提高了农民患者到正规医疗机构就诊的比例,使得农民患者到正规医疗机构就诊占比提高了2.4%左右。时间趋势研究表明,新型农村合作医疗制度对农民就医决策的影响具有持续性的正效应,且对2009年农民就医决策的影响具有显著的统计学意义,达到11.9%。     

近30年来中国农作物秸秆资源量的时空分布

【目的】分析1978-2009年中国农作物秸秆产量的变化,并估算2009年中国农作物秸秆资源的数量和地理分布。【方法】在已有研究的基础上,筛选出合适的秸秆系数,对中国田间秸秆产量进行全面、系统的估算,同时结合地理信息软件ArcView,对其时空分布进行分析。【结果】随着农业综合生产能力的提高,中国田间秸秆总量总体上呈不断增长的趋势;2009年全国作物秸秆总量达69 841.92万t;从种植结构的角度进行分析发现,稻谷、小麦和玉米秸秆依然是中国主要的农作物秸秆类型;中国农作物秸秆的分布基本上以400 mm等降水量线为界,其产量由西北向东南呈逐渐增加的趋势。【结论】中国的农作物秸秆分布具有一定的地域特征,且产量较大,具有可观的新能源开发利用前景。