液压挖掘机中超级电容单元的性能试验及SOC估算

超级电容器凭借着其在大功率充放电场合的突出优势,在混合动力液压挖掘机系统的应用中更是发挥了巨大的作用和展现了优良的性能。以应用在并联式混合动力中型液压挖掘机上的由美国MAXWELL公司生产的BM-OD0165P048超级电容单元模块为试验对象,对其进行了相关的动态性能测试和参数测定,并制定了其在大功率充放电应用场合的SOC估算策略,最后对估算方法进行了仿真和试验验证。     

关中平原小麦生育期VTCI加权估算及其与产量的相关性研究

选取关中平原冬小麦主要生育期的条件植被温度指数( VTCI)遥感干旱监测结果,运用层次分析法、因子权重排序法两种主观赋权法和主成分分析法、熵值法两种客观赋权法,分别确定加权VTCI,并与关中平原5地区冬小麦年产量建立线性回归模型,研究VTCI对冬小麦产量的影响.结果表明,两种主观赋权法确定的加权VTCI与产量之间存在着...     

A semi-empirical model to assess uncertainty of spatial patterns of erosion

Distributed erosion models are potentially good tools for locating soil sediment sources and guiding efficient Soil and Water Conservation (SWC) planning, but the uncertainty of model predictions may be high. In this study, the distribution of erosion within a catchment was predicted with a semi-empirical erosion model that combined a semi-distributed hydrological model with the Morgan, Morgan and Finney (MMF) empirical erosion model. The model was tested in a small catchment of the West Usambara Mountains (Kwalei catchment, Tanzania). Soil detachability rates measured in splash cups (0.48–1.16 g J^− 1) were close to model simulations (0.30–0.35 g J^− 1). Net erosion rates measured in Gerlach troughs (0.01–1.05 kg m^− 2 per event) were used to calibrate the sediment transport capacity of overland flow. Uncertainties of model simulations due to parameterisation of overland flow sediment transport capacity were assessed with the Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation (GLUE) methodology. The quality of the spatial predictions was assessed by comparing the simulated erosion pattern with the field-observed erosion pattern, measuring the agreement with the weighted Kappa coefficient of the contingency table. Behavioural parameter sets (weighted Kappa > 0.50) were those with short reinfiltration length (< 1.5 m) and ratio of overland flow power α to local topography power γ close to 0.5. In the dynamic Hortonian hydrologic regime and the dissected terrain of Kwalei catchment, topography controlled the distribution of erosion more than overland flow. Simulated erosion rates varied from − 4 to + 2 kg m^− 2 per season. The model simulated correctly around 75% of erosion pattern. The uncertainty of model predictions due to sediment transport capacity was high; around 10% of the fields were attributed to either slight or severe erosion. The difficult characterisation of catchment-scale effective sediment transport capacity parameters poses a major limit to distributed erosion modelling predicting capabilities.     

稻麦玉米秸秆残留还田量定量估算方法及应用

为了解秸秆残留还田是秸秆直接还田的基本形式。该文通过逐步推导,给出了秸秆残留还田量定量估算的系列公式,并将秸秆残留还田量定量估算建立在5个参数的基础上,即农作物平均株高、收割留茬高度、叶部生物量比例、枝叶脱落率和秸秆机械收集损失率;以实地调查为基础,结合对试验数据收集整理,给出了小麦、玉米、水稻三大农作物秸秆残留还田量定量估算的参数体系,并估算出了三大农作物的秸秆残留还田量,分别为7 106.92、4 543.48和6 392.95万t,合计为18 043.35万t,占三大农作物的秸秆总产量的31.13%;三大作物人工收获秸秆残留还田量为1724.47万t,机械收获秸秆残留还田量为16 318.88万t,后者是前者的9.46倍;进而以农作物面积为权重,推算出全国的秸秆残留还田量为25 330.08万t,计算出单位面积耕地的残留还田量为1.87 t/hm2,与基本还田量的最低需求3.0 t/hm2相比尚需增加60%以上,与基本还田量的一般需求4.5 t/hm2相比尚需增加1.41倍。论文最后指出了秸秆残留还田量定量估算需要继续深入开展的主要研究工作:一是开展更广泛的田间实测,进一步提高小麦、玉米、水稻三大农作物秸秆残留还田量定量估算参数的精准度,尤其是收割留茬高度和秸秆机械收集损失率这两大参数的精准度,以便更确切地估算三大农作物的秸秆残留还田量;二是针对棉花、大豆、油菜等主要经济作物进行秸秆残留还田量定量估算研究,建立全国主要粮经作物秸秆残留还田量定量估算的参数体系;三是建立区域性的秸秆残留还田量定量估算的参数体系,逐步实现各区域秸秆残留还田量的定量估算。     

日光温室山墙对室内太阳直接辐射得热量的影响

该文计算了日光温室室内各个面的太阳直接辐射，结果表明：山墙内侧的太阳直接辐射日变化规律不同于室内其它各个面。对于长度较短的温室，如果忽略山墙的作用，将会忽略山墙内外侧太阳辐射对室内得热的影响，同时忽略山墙在室内各个面产生的阴影，从而高估了室内其它面的太阳辐射得热，高估值随着温室长度的递减而递增，给日光温室热环境的分析带来误差。该文还测量了日光温室各个面的热流量，分析了山墙的蓄热放热过程及其随温室长度变化对室内得热的影响。因此，对长度较短的温室，必须考虑山墙对室内得热的影响。同时也为日光温室长度的确定和室内作物布局提供理论依据。     

重庆市畜禽粪便年排放量的估算研究

畜禽养殖产生的粪便已成为我国农村面源污染的主要来源，因而畜禽粪便的排放量也越来越引起人们的重视。通过对重庆市畜禽养殖业进行调查，结合国内外有关研究，确定重庆市畜禽粪便年排放量估算方法和各种估算参数。以2001年为基准，估算出重庆市主要畜禽(猪、牛、羊、马、兔、家禽等)年粪尿排放量和粪尿中对环境产生污染的主要物质量(有机质、氮、磷、钾)，以便对重庆市畜禽粪便污染作一个定量的认识。估算结果为重庆市2001年畜禽粪尿排放7421万t，其中有机质为806万t，氮42.5万t、磷21.48万t、钾44.98万t。该研究结果可为重庆市工农业生产布局和环境污染治理提供决策依据。     

三川河二期重点治理成效与经验

三川河二期重点治理成效与经验宋志学（黄河水利委员会水土保持局，郑州４５０００３）黄河流域四片水土流失重点治理区第二期工程治理任务重、时间短，治理难度大、要求高，投资水平低。如何保质保量按期完成二期重点治理任务，山西省三川河片的做法，提供了好经验。１９...     

一类带跳的线性回归模型

针对普通的常系数线性回归模型存在预测误差较大的缺陷，对Hildreth-Houck模型进行修正，得到带跳的线性回归模型(LRMJ)，对该模型中各参数进行估计，并对模型中被解释变量的数学期望与方差等统计性质进行讨论．最后将该模型运用于一个实际问题，证明该模型不仅可行而且能够得到比普通常系数线性回归模型更为精确的预测值。     

Discrimination and abundance estimation of wild and released abalone Haliotis diversicolor using stable carbon and oxygen isotope analysis in north-eastern Taiwan

The discrimination between wild and released Taiwan abalone Haliotis diversicolor was performed by stable carbon isotope analysis. Abalone samples were collected from Mao Aw Gulf in north-eastern Taiwan. Live abalone and dead shells were collected by divers with an 80 × 80 cm frame. The densities and amounts of wild and released abalone, as well as the survival rates of released abalone, in 1997 and 1998 were estimated. The age of the specimens was also determined from the specific temperature of each month and the inverse relationship between oxygen isotope values and temperatures. Results show that examining stable isotopic profiles proves to be a practical and feasible method for stock discrimination as well as density and abundance estimation. These data would be helpful in assessing the success of abalone culture and release programs, which aim to enhance this valuable marine resource.