改善喷射沉积耐热铝合金板坯轧制成形性能的研究

喷射沉积Al-8．5Fe-1．3V-1．7Si(8009)耐热铝合金板坯是由基体金属和孔隙、少量颗粒边界的氧化膜组成的，微观组织缺乏良好的冶金结合，直接采用轧制使其致密化产生塑性变形，在工艺上存在极大的难度，轧制时易出现板坯表面裂纹及边裂。本文研究了8009合金的包套轧制、交叉横轧工艺，实验结果表明：采用包套轧制、交叉横轧工艺，有效地改善了喷射沉积板坯的轧制成形性能，成功制备出厚度为0．6～1．0mm的薄板。     

山羊体成分及屠体组织分布

基因、性别、营养水平、环境及它们之间的互作对山羊的体成分起着至关重要的作用。蛋白质和脂肪组织的沉积历来是人们最关心的，主要是这两种成分的数量及比率直接关系到动物的经济价值。山羊不同生长阶段体组成的资料又是研究其营养需要量的重要依据。因此，研究山羊在不同营养水平和不同年龄阶段的体组织分布及变化规律，对山羊营养需要量的进一步研究和产肉性能的发挥有重要意义。作者着眼于国内外的研究进展，介绍山羊体成分的测定方法和屠体组成分布及变化规律。     

管壁剪切应力对蜡沉积的影响

根据Fick扩散方程，提出了管流条件下扩散至管壁处可析出蜡分子的沉积系数，用该系数描述了管流中油流的冲刷作用对蜡沉积的影响，通过对新疆的几种油样进行试验研究，结果表明，当温度或流速发生变化从而引起管壁剪切应力变化时，沉积系数随着管壁剪切庆力的增大而减小。     

Tracing Pb Pollution Penetration in Temperate Podzols

We combine high‐resolution soil sampling with lead (Pb) analyses (concentrations and stable isotopes) in two temperate podzols, together with previous data obtained with selective Al and Fe dissolution techniques. We aim to assess how atmospheric Pb is incorporated into the soils during pedogenesis. Partial least squares modelling for Pb concentrations shows that the podzolization process has the largest effect on Pb concentration (80·3% of the variance). The proportion of inorganic secondary compounds, the input of fresh organic matter from the soil surface and the relative abundance of Fe versus Al are responsible for a small part of the Pb concentration variance. Lead isotopic composition (²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb ratios) depends on soil organic matter content either fresh/poorly humified (57·3% of the variance) or humified (24·7% of the variance). The Pb linked to inorganic compounds and the overall podzolization process play a minor role in isotopic signature (5·3 and 3·7% of the variance respectively). Soil pH appears to be the controlling variable of the different transport and retention mechanisms. The relatively low isotopic ratios observed in spodic horizons result from geogenic Pb released through the preferential dissolution of the isotopically distinct most weatherable minerals of the parent material in the eluvial horizons, which undergoes downward mobilization. An accurate knowledge of soil reactive components and formation mechanisms is essential to a correct diagnose of the scope of Pb pollution and a more effective design of remediation strategies. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Marker assisted polycross breeding to increase diversity and yield in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)

Summary In this study, the application of molecular markers to optimise genetic diversity in a polycross breeding program of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) was evaluated. The genetic diversity among 98 potential parental plants from three maturity groups (early, intermediate and late flowering) was investigated using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. For each maturity group, two polycrosses of six parental plants with contrasting levels of genetic diversity were composed. Average genetic diversity among parents selected for narrow polycrosses was 36% lower than among parents selected for wide polycrosses. Diversity within first generation synthetic progenies (Syn1) was proportional to the diversity within the respective parental polycrosses. However, differences were less pronounced with Syn1 progenies from narrow polycrosses showing 16% reduced diversity when compared to Syn1 progenies from wide polycrosses. Multivariate analyses allowed for a clear separation of the six Syn1 progenies based on AFLP markers and demonstrated their genetic distinctness. Evaluation of dry matter yield, date of ear emergence and stem length of Syn1 and Syn2 progenies showed progenies from wide polycrosses to be constantly higher yielding when compared to progenies from narrow polycrosses. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in variability for the two morphological traits between progenies of narrow- and wide polycrosses. The results presented here provide evidence for an efficient application of molecular markers to select genetically diverse polycross parents which resulted in an average yield increase of 3.8%.     

梯度风对雾滴穿透性影响的研究及试验

该文对梯度风中果树枝叶的运动规律的理论分析发现：梯度风可以使果树枝叶产生“躲闪”、“退让”和“扭转”运动，有利于雾滴穿透和沉积。室内和田间试验证明：只提高弥雾机出口风速对雾滴的穿透效果不好，反而容易造成近风侧粘附雾滴的逃逸。而弥雾机械梯度风的存在，有利于雾滴的穿透和沉积。因此，为了提高雾滴的穿透性和沉积性，应该提高梯度风的梯度。为减少已粘附雾滴的逃逸损失，提高雾滴在整株果树上分布均匀性，提高药效，必需合理选择和控制风机的出口风速。     

太湖地区地表水氮污染源的评论

The nitrogen （N） pollution status of the 12 most important rivers in Changshu, Taihu Lake region was investigated. Water samples were collected from depths of 0.5-1.0 m with the aid of the global positioning system （GPS）. The seasonal variations in the concentrations of different N components in the rivers were measured. Using tension-free monolith lysimeters and ^15N-labeled fertilizer, field experiments were carried out in this region to determine variations of iSN abundance of NO3^- in the leachate during the rice and wheat growing seasons, respectively. Results showed that the main source of N pollution of surface waters in the Taihu Lake region was not the N fertilizer applied in the farmland but the urban domestic sewage and rural human and animal excreta directly discharged into the water bodies without treatment. Atmospheric dry and wet N deposition was another evident source of N pollutant of the surface waters. In conclusion, it would not be correct to attribute the N applied to farmlands as the source of N pollution of the surface waters in this region.     

秸秆覆盖畦田灌溉水流特性及灌水质量分析

在陕西杨凌张家岗村覆盖玉米秸秆的冬小麦地进行了畦田规格和灌水技术要素对灌水效率和灌溉均匀度影响的田间试验,并SRFR406软件对秸秆覆盖畦灌的水流推进进行了数学模拟.结果表明,给出的地面灌溉模型及软件可较好的模拟秸秆覆盖畦田水流运动.畦田规格与技术要素的选择对灌水效率及灌水均匀度均有影响.在覆盖秸秆畦田以畦长小于50 m,畦宽2～3 m,单宽流量以6～8 L/(m·s),坡度以3‰～5‰为宜.为提高秸秆覆盖灌水效率,应加强耕作管理,消除反坡.     

履带式行走机构压实作用下土壤应力分布均匀性分析

履带式行走机构因具有较小的接地压力而被逐渐应用在大型农业车辆上,以减小对土壤的压实。然而由于履带下应力分布的不均匀,导致农业车辆对土壤的最大应力并未有效减小,对土壤较长的压力作用时间反而增加了土壤被压实的风险。应力分布的不均匀还会造成履带沉陷量的增大,降低车辆在软土地面的通过性能。为了研究履带式行走机构压实作用下土壤内的应力分布规律以及如何提高应力分布的均匀性,以缓解履带车辆对土壤压实作用、提高履带车辆软地通过能力,该文采用侧断面水平钻孔埋设压力传感器的方法,测得了履带式行走机构压实作用下履带中心线横截面内0.35 m深度土壤内沿履带长度方向上的垂直及水平应力分布;同时研究了履带张紧力大小对应力分布均匀性的影响。结果表明,履带式行走机构下的垂直应力在各负重轮的轴线处呈现一个应力峰值;水平应力在各负重轮轴线的前、后方分别呈现一个应力峰值,且最小应力在轴线处。各负重轮下的应力峰值大小不同。最大垂直应力出现在履带式行走机构后端的导向轮处;最大水平应力出现在后支重轮与导向轮之间。适当减小履带张紧力能够提高垂直及水平应力分布的均匀性。履带张紧力由1.8×10~4k Pa减小至1.6×10~4k Pa时,履带下的最大垂直及水平应力分别减小了约37.3%和21.7%;平均最大垂直及水平应力分别减小了约26.4%和20.4%。研究结果可为履带式行走机构结构的优化提供理论依据,以期提高履带下应力分布的均匀性。     

Orographic enhancement of wet deposition in the United Kingdom: Continuous monitoring

Continuous monitoring of cloud and rain samples at three mountain sites in the UK has allowed consideration of the long term impact of the enhancement of the wet deposition of pollutants by orographie effects, specifically the scavenging of cap cloud droplets by rain falling from above (the seeder-feeder effects). The concentration of the major pollutant ions in the cloud water is related to the relative proximity of each site to marine and anthropogenic sources of aerosol. In general, the concentrations of major ions in precipitation at summit sites exceed those in precipitation to low ground nearby by 20% to 50%. Concentrations in orographie cloud exceed those in upwind rain by between a factor of five and ten. The results are consistent with seeder-feeder scavenging of hill cloud by falling precipitation in which the average concentration of ions in scavenged hill cloud exceed those in precipitation upwind by a factor of 1.7 to 2.3 for sulphate and nitrate respectively at Dunslair Heights and 1.5 to 1.8 for sulphate and nitrate at Holme Moss. The results suggest that the parameterisation of this relationship with scavenged feeder cloud water concentrations assumed to exceed those in seeder rain by a factor of two for the production of predictive maps of wet deposition in mountainous regions of the U.K. is satisfactory.