交替隔沟灌溉土壤水分时空分布与灌水均匀性研究

 以春玉米为试验材料 ,在甘肃河西民勤沙漠绿洲区进行大田试验 ,研究控制性交替隔沟灌溉水分的时空分布特性和灌水均匀性。试验结果表明 ,在玉米生长期内 ,对灌水沟进行交替干燥和湿润 ,可以使作物根系经受一定程度的干旱锻炼 ,提高根系的吸收补偿效应 ;交替隔沟灌溉中 ,由于在灌水沟和非灌水沟之间没有形成零通量面 ,其水分的侧向入渗明显增强 ,从而可减少土壤水分发生深层渗漏的机率 ;同常规灌溉相比 ,虽然交替灌溉的用水量有所减少 ,但其灌水均匀性与常规灌溉没有显著差异     

未来东北管网输量下降后的结蜡预测及分析

根据东北管网原油输量下降后管网的结蜡情况,制定未来东北管网安全经济运行方案,利用东北管网大庆原油结蜡规律的研究成果,对东北管网未来的结蜡情况进行了预测和分析,得到了有价值的结论.     

恒压喷灌系统喷洒水特性变化规律的试验研究

针对恒压喷灌系统压力变化的特性,通过试验得到了在不同工作压力及压力的周期变化情况下,ZY-1、ZY-2型喷头组合喷灌强度及均匀度的变化规律。结果表明,不同工作压力下,平均喷灌强度及组合均匀度与压力之间基本成线性关系;在一定的压力变幅下,系统压力的周期变化对平均喷灌强度及组合均匀度的影响较小,在压力周期不变的情况下,不同...     

西农萨能羊47kD尾部相互作用蛋白基因(TIP47)的cDNA克隆、序列结构分析与组织表达

47kD尾部相互作用蛋白基因(tail-interacting protein47,TIP47)是影响脂滴形成和代谢的重要基因。本实验以西农萨能羊(Capra hircus)的乳腺组织为研究材料,采用RT-PCR和RACE,克隆了山羊TIP47基因的cDNA全长序列。结果得到TIP47基因cDNA序列全长1906bp(GenBank收录号为:HQ846827),包括5'UTR82bp,完整编码区1314bp及3'UTR510bp,编码蛋白质的氨基酸数为437,分子量47.36kD,等电点(pI)5.14。对TIP47基因的核苷酸和氨基酸序列分析发现,山羊的TIP47与GenBank中牛(Bos taurus)、人(Homo sapiens)、小鼠(Mus musculus)和猪(Sus scrofa)的TIP47相似性较高。蛋白质结构分析显示,TIP47不存在信号肽序列和跨膜结构;疏水性分析发现,其N端疏水性较强,中间靠近C端部分亲水性较强;三级结构分析发现,其C端呈大写的L形;该基因的遗传距离分析发现,山羊与牛的亲缘关系最近,其次是猪和人。通过RT-qPCR技术对TIP47基因进行了组织表达分析,发现所检测...     

Evaluation of elemental depletion weathering rate estimation methods on acid-sensitive soils of north-eastern Alberta, Canada

Immobile element-based weathering estimation methods assume that Zr (or Ti) is an immobile element, and that weathering rates of other elements can be estimated according to the enrichment of Zr in weathered horizons relative to an unweathered parent material. This approach was used to estimate base cation weathering rates for 33 soil profiles on acid-sensitive terrain in north-eastern Alberta. Zirconium generally showed enrichment within the rooting zone, but the deepest (subsoil) samples were not always associated with the lowest Zr concentrations. Weathering rates estimated with the Zr depletion and Pedological Mass Balance (PMB) methods were generally low (ranges: 0-51 and 0-58 mmol_c m^− 2 yr^− 1, respectively); however, low base cation oxide concentrations and heterogeneity within soil profiles complicated weathering rate calculations and net base cation gains were calculated for several (six) sites. Evaluation of the Zr depletion and PMB weathering estimates against those calculated with the process-oriented PROFILE model at a subset (n = 9) of the sites indicated the estimates were poorly related, with PROFILE rates typically being higher. The effects-based emissions management strategy for acid precursors in this region requires spatial coverage of soil properties (including weathering rates) across a large area, but the apparent limitations associated with the immobile element based methods in this region: identifying representative parent soils and deriving weathering rate estimates comparable to more robust methods are arguments against their candidacy for future use.     

不同饲养方式对藏鸡生产性能和脂肪沉积的影响

探讨不同饲养方式对藏鸡生产性能和脂肪代谢的影响,选用120只商品代健康雏鸡,按常规饲养管理规程,平均分成2组,一组笼养,另外一组放养。每个组5个重复,每个重复12只鸡。试验结果表明,饲养方式对藏鸡体重与日增重有显著影响,不论公鸡还是母鸡,笼养的体重与日增重都显著高于散养鸡(P<0.05)。笼养鸡的肌间脂肪、皮下脂肪、腹脂率、肌内脂肪含量均显著高于散养鸡(P<0.05)。     

沿海地区海盐沉降对酸性土壤的影响

The characteristics of sea.salt deposition and its impact on acid soils in maritime regions are reviewed. It is pointed out that studies involving the impact of sea.salt deposition on acid soils have been concentrated on short-term effects on soil and water acidification. A deep consideration of long-term effects on soil acidification in maritime regions is still needed.     

皇甫川流域综合治理对河道冲淤变化影响的研究

皇甫川系黄河的一条多泥沙河流,至1997年底流域治理度达28.2％。水土保持综合治理对削减中小洪水水流动量的作用明显,河流中的中粗粒径泥沙所占比重变小,细粒径泥沙所占比重增大。减水幅度与减沙幅度不同,河道断面未发生大的调整。水土保持蓄水拦沙和减轻黄河泥沙淤积的作用,为深化流域综合治理提供了理论依据。     

How important is N2O production in removing atmospherically deposited nitrogen from UK moorland catchments?

Nitrate (NO₃⁻) leaching due to anthropogenic nitrogen (N) deposition is an environmental problem in many parts of the UK uplands, associated with surface water acidification and affecting lake nutrient balances. It is often assumed that gaseous return of deposited N to the atmosphere as N₂O through denitrification may provide an important sink for N. This assumption was tested for four moorland catchments (Allt a’Mharcaidh in the Cairngorms, Afon Gwy in mid-Wales, Scoat Tarn in the English Lake District and River Etherow in the southern Pennines), covering gradients of atmospheric N deposition and surface water NO₃⁻ leaching, through a combination of field and laboratory experiments. Field measurements of N₂O fluxes from static chambers with and without additions of NH₄NO₃ solution were carried out every 4 weeks over 1 yr. Wetted soil cores from the same field plots were used in experimental laboratory incubations at 5 and 15 °C with and without additions of NH₄NO₃ solution, followed by measurement of N₂O fluxes. Field measurements showed that significant N₂O fluxes occurred in only a very small number of plots with most showing zero values for much of the year. The maximum fluxes were 0.24 kg-N/ha/yr from unamended plots at the River Etherow and 0.49 kg-N/ha/yr from plots with NH₄NO₃ additions at the Allt a’Mharcaidh. Laboratory incubation experiments demonstrated that large N₂O fluxes could be induced by warming and NH₄NO₃ additions, with the top 5 cm of soil cores responsible for the largest fluxes, reaching 11.8 kg-N/ha/yr from a podsol at Scoat Tarn. Acetylene block experiments showed that while N₂ was not likely to be a significant denitrification product in these soils, reduced N₂O fluxes indicated that nitrification was an important source of N₂O in many cases. A simple model of denitrification suggesting that 10-80% of net N inputs may be denitrified from non-agricultural soils was found to greatly over-estimate fluxes in the UK uplands. The proportion of deposition denitrified was found to be much closer to the IPCC suggested value of 1% with an upper limit of 10%. Interception of N deposition by vegetation may greatly reduce the net supply of N from this source, while soil acidification or other factors limiting carbon supply to soil microbes may prevent large denitrification fluxes even where NO₃⁻ supply is not limiting.     

黄绵土土壤活性有机碳的侵蚀和沉积效应

活性有机碳作为土壤有机碳中活性最强的部分,它比土壤有机碳更敏感于环境的变化。通过野外径流小区观测和室内分析,研究了侵蚀对土壤活性有机碳的影响。结果表明,土壤和泥沙中活性有机碳含量分别在0.15～0.34g/kg和0.28～2.92g/kg之间;坡度≤20°时,活性有机碳的流失量随着坡度的增加而增加;其富集比介于3.25～8.47,且随着侵蚀强度和坡度的增大均减小。泥沙中活性有机碳含量随着侵蚀强度的增加呈对数递减趋势,而活性有机碳流失程度则相反。