去除养殖水体悬浮颗粒的多向流重力沉淀装置设计及性能

为了高效去除循环水养殖系统中的固体悬浮颗粒物,研发了多向流重力沉淀装置,并对其水力特性及相关结构参数进行试验研究。该文以固体悬浮颗粒物去除率为试验指标,设计了5～40 min的水力停留时间（hydraulic retention time,HRT）及斜管填料规格参数的双因素试验。结果显示,随着HRT增加,多向流重力沉淀装置的固体悬浮颗粒物去除率呈显著上升的阶段性变化特征,但以HRT为20 min时沉淀装置的综合处理效果最优,最高平均去除率可达（58.57 %±10.12 %）,其中粒径小于20 μm的微颗粒去除率为19.5%,粒径大于60 μm的微颗粒去除率高达90.3 %;较小的斜管直径可显著提高多向流重力沉淀装置的固体悬浮颗粒物去除率,而斜管高度对去除率无显著影响。多向流重力沉淀装置用于去除循环水养殖系统中的固体悬浮颗粒物,是一种行之有效的方法。     

基于FLUENT的歧管式催化器流场仿真分析

通过数值模拟和试验验证,分析岐管式催化器内部气流的速度场、压力场和气流分布状态。结果表明,随入口流量的增大,岐管式催化器内部气流流速增大、压力损失增大、径向分布的均匀性降低;气流的径向分布不同于常规催化器集中于轴线的轴对称形式,而是呈多中心分散状态,均匀性较常规催化器提高。     

风幕式静电喷杆喷雾喷头雾化与雾滴沉积性能试验

为了解决传统施药方式药液在植株中下冠层沉积量不足、雾滴粒径分布不均匀等问题,对常规喷杆喷雾扇形喷头设计了一种双平板感应式荷电装置,试验测量了该扇形静电喷头产生的雾滴荷质比、空间上的横向和纵向粒径分布并验证了在风幕和静电作用下雾滴的沉积性能。试验结果表明:荷质比随着静电电压的增大先增大后趋于稳定,随喷雾压力的增大而减小;静电作用能够减小雾滴粒径,并且使雾滴粒径横向分布更加均匀;随着喷头远离测量装置,纵向雾滴粒径逐渐增大;风幕作用能够改善雾滴在冠层中的沉积性能,相同条件下,有风幕时雾滴沉积分布的变异系数为0.645,与无风幕时的0.871降低了25.95%;静电作用能够改善雾滴在冠层中的沉积性能,在静电电压0和6 kV作用下,雾滴沉积分布的变异系数减小了50.2%;荷电条件下,随着喷雾压力的增大,雾滴的沉积分布均匀性反而会减小。该研究可为进一步研究新型喷头荷电装置及风幕式喷杆喷雾机的研发提供参考。     

Pathways and dynamics of NO3 and NH4 applied in a mountain Picea abies forest and in a nearby meadow in central Switzerland

To evaluate the pathways and dynamics of inorganic nitrogen (N) deposition in previously N-limited ecosystems, field additions of ¹⁵N tracers were conducted in two mountain ecosystems, a forest dominated by Norway spruce (Picea abies) and a nearby meadow, at the Alptal research site in central Switzerland. This site is moderately impacted by N from agricultural and combustion sources, with a bulk atmospheric deposition of 12 kg N ha⁻¹ y⁻¹ equally divided between NH₄⁺ and NO₃⁻. Pulses of ¹⁵NH₄⁺ and ¹⁵NO₃⁻ were applied separately as tracers on plots of 2.25 m². Several ecosystem pools were sampled at short to longer-term intervals (from a few hours to 1 year), above and belowground biomass (excluding trees), litter layer, soil LF horizon (approx. 5-0 cm), A horizon (approx. 0-5 cm) and gleyic B horizon (5-20 cm). Furthermore, extractable inorganic N, and microbial N pools were analysed in the LF and A horizons. Tracer recovery patterns were quite similar in both ecosystems, with most of the tracer retained in the soil pool. At the short-term (up to 1 week), up to 16% of both tracers remained extractable or entered the microbial biomass. However, up to 30% of the added ¹⁵NO₃⁻ was immobilised just after 1 h, and probably chemically bound to soil organic matter. 16% of the NH₄⁺ tracer was also immobilised within hours, but it is not clear how much was bound to soil organic matter or fixed between layers of illite-type clay. While the extractable and microbial pools lost ¹⁵N over time, a long-term increase in ¹⁵N was measured in the roots. Otherwise, differences in recovery a few hours after labelling and 1 year later were surprisingly small. Overall, more NO₃⁻ tracer than NH₄⁺ tracer was recovered in the soil. This was due to a strong aboveground uptake of the deposited NH₄⁺ by the ground vegetation, especially by mosses.     

棉花纤维素沉积特性的遗传分析

本研究利用~3H标记,对陆地棉(Goossypium hirsuturn L.)和海岛棉(Goossypiumbarbardense L.)不同品种及海岛棉×陆地棉杂种F_1代的纤维素沉积特性进行了分析。结果表明,与亲本比较,杂种F_1明显改善了纤维素沉积状况,沉积峰期较陆地棉明显后移,尤以前期纤维素沉积较快的品种,如鲁棉二号与海岛棉杂交后,纤维素沉积状况较陆地棉亲本改善更大。     

波涌灌溉技术田间适应性分析

利用地面灌溉模型对波涌灌溉条件下地表水流及入渗过程进行模拟,在模拟结果与田间实测资料对比基础上,确定适宜的田间灌水参数,即土壤入渗强度、田块规格、田面坡度、入地流量、田间微地形等的变化范围,给出适合于波涌灌水方法应用的田间组合条件,提出波涌灌水技术对壤类土质的田间适应性,为制定波涌灌溉的田间实施方案提供科学的依据     

螺旋排肥器排肥口参数对排肥性能影响的试验研究

针对螺旋排肥器在物料输送过程中排肥口物料流量随时间波动变化造成排肥均匀性降低的问题,该研究采用离散元仿真和台架试验相结合的方法,以排肥均匀性变异系数为评价指标,在螺旋转速30r/min下,研究了排肥口长度和排肥口角度对排肥均匀性的影响,通过正交试验分析了单个螺旋转动周期内的排肥特性。试验结果表明:影响螺旋排肥器排肥性能的主次因素分别为排肥口长度、排肥口角度,两者对螺旋排肥器的排肥稳定性和均匀性有非常显著的影响,在排肥口角度为135°、排肥口长度为60mm的组合下取得较优排肥效果,该组合下仿真试验的排肥均匀性变异系数为4.98%,台架验证试验的排肥均匀性变异系数为5.41%,仿真试验和台架试验结果吻合度较好。该研究可为螺旋式排肥器的设计与优化提供参考和理论依据。     

Estimation of Deposition Velocities for 85Sr, 131I, 137Cs on Spinach,Radish and Beans Leaves in a Tropical Region Under Simulated Fallout Conditions

Poly dispersive aerosols of SrCl₂, NaI, CsCl having a size distribution of 2.33 m (Activity Median Aerodynamic Diameter, [AMAD]) with a geometric standard deviation of 1.83 m are used for the determination of deposition velocity for ⁸⁵Sr, ¹³¹I and ¹³⁷Cs aerosols on tropical spinach (Spinicia olericia), radish (Raphanous sative) and beans (Phasolous valugeries) plant leaves. The experiments were carried out in a specially designed exposure chamber to simulate deposition under accidental releases of radioactivity in tropical environment. The rates of particles deposition are expressed as a function of plant surface area and of plant dry weight. The deposition velocities obtained are in the range of 10^–6 to 10^–7 m/s. These values differ significantly from those in temperate regions. The lower values for deposition velocities (v _g) for the tropical environment is attributed due to high humidity. Therefore, the deposition of suspended aerosols on leaf surfaces caused by impaction and Brownian diffusion becomes slower in tropical environment and resulted into lower value of deposition velocities.     

南亚热带三种典型植被土壤动物对模拟N沉降增加的早期响应

A field-scale experiment arranged in a complete randomized block design with three N addition treatments including a control （no addition of N）, a low N （5 g m^-2 year^-1）, and a medium N （10 g m^-2 year^-1） was performed in each of the three typical forests, a pine （Pinus massoniana Lamb.） forest （PF）, a pine-broadleaf mixed forest （MF） and a mature monsoon evergreen broadleaf forest （MEBF）, of the Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve in subtropical China to study the response of soil fauna community to additions of N. Higher NH4^＋ and NO3^- concentrations and a lower soil pH occurred in the medium N treatment of MEBF, whereas the NO3^- concentration was the lowest in PF after the additions of N. The response of the density, group abundance and diversity index of soil fauna to addition of N varied with the forest type, and all these variables decreased with increasing N under MEBF but the trend was opposite under PF. The N treatments had no significant effects on these variables under MF. Compared with the control plots, the medium N treatment had significant negative effect on soil fauna under MEBF. The group abundance of soil fauna increased significantly with additions of higher N rates under PF. These results suggested that the response of soil fauna to N deposition varied with the forest type and N deposition rate, and soil N status is one of the important factors affecting the response of soil fauna to N deposition.     

氮输入对森林土壤有机碳截存与损耗过程的影响

大气氮沉降对受氮限制的陆地生态系统碳截存/损耗的机理尚不清楚,尤其是对土壤有机碳(SOC)的输入、转化和输出过程的认识明显不足。本文论述了外源性氮素(氮沉降、人为增氮)对凋落物分解、土壤有机碳各组分周转的影响,以及土壤呼吸各组分(根系自养呼吸、根际微生物呼吸和SOM分解)对增氮的响应等领域的最新研究进展,指出了在上述研究领域中存在的问题,并提出拟解决的途径以及未来的可能研究方向,以期为该领域的研究提供参考。