单颗粒液滴飞溅对颗粒起动的影响

通过室内模拟降雨试验,探究单颗粒液滴飞溅对泥沙颗粒起动的影响。试验共设计4种地表坡度（0,15°,25°,35°）及4种粒径的均匀沙（0.098~0.104,0.104~0.5,0.5~0.78,1~1.4 mm）,选取当量直径为4.5 mm的液滴进行模拟试验,同时利用高吸水树脂材料泡发后的水球作为对照组。结果表明,颗粒直径和坡度的变化对颗粒起动的影响较为显著,飞溅子液滴对液滴溅蚀具有重要意义。随着颗粒直径的增大,颗粒的起动逐渐由液滴冲击和子液滴飞溅裹挟共同作用转变为液滴冲击动能传递为主,飞溅携带为辅。当颗粒直径相同时,坡度的增大导致飞溅沙粒不再均衡,斜坡下方的颗粒飞溅量和位移随坡度的增大而增大。坡度越大,下方颗粒溅蚀深度与上方的差距也越大,导致上方颗粒失去支撑,整体失稳垮塌,发生微小滑坡。同种粒径时,树脂水球溅蚀坑的宽深比明显小于相同直径的液滴溅蚀坑,液滴溅蚀量远大于树脂水球直接撞击作用下起动的颗粒量,子液滴的拖曳对颗粒起动具有重要意义。     

墨西哥柏幼苗生长和光合生理对氮沉降的响应

选取2年生墨西哥柏幼苗为试验对象,以NH4NO3为外加氮源,通过模拟氮沉降试验,研究其生长和光合生理对氮增加的响应.结果表明:幼苗在高氮水平处理下其生长不断受到抑制,而在中氮水平处理下,幼苗生长不断得到促进.随着施氮浓度增加,墨西哥柏幼苗的根质量和根长均降低,表明氮处理抑制根的生长,分配到根部分的生物量下降.幼苗的净光合速率呈现出随氮处理浓度增加而先增加后降低的趋势,即中氮组的净光合速率最高,而高氮组开始逐渐下降.幼苗的水分利用效率变化趋势与净光合速率一致.幼苗叶片光合色素含量随氮处理水平增加而增加.说明短期内中氮水平对幼苗生长和光合作用影响最显著,而高氮水平对幼苗光合色素影响最显著.     

不同温度下单相含蜡原油的蜡沉积规律

针对石油工业中的蜡沉积问题,利用冷指实验装置研究了单相含蜡原油体系冷却液温度、油流温度和同一温差不同温度区间对蜡沉积规律的影响,得到了单相含蜡原油蜡沉积规律的宏观特性,并利用高温气相色谱（HTGC）装置分析沉积物组分的宏观变化。在相同油温条件下,随着冷却液温度的升高,蜡沉积速率减小而沉积物中高碳数组分比例增大;在相同冷却液温度条件下,随着油温从凝点附近增大至析蜡点以上,蜡沉积量先减小后增加最后再减小,沉积物中高碳数组分比例增大;在同一温差条件下,随着温度区间温度的升高,蜡沉积量的变化有波动但油温在析蜡点附近沉积量达到最大值,沉积物中高碳数组分比例一直增大。针对实际管流,环境温度基本恒定,通过升高入口油温减少沉积的发生,因此,在含蜡原油管输中,入口油温的选取对整个管输过程中蜡沉积的形成以及形成后的清理很重要。根据实验结果,入口油温不是越高越好,应保证入口油温低于析蜡点且整个管输过程中高于凝点5℃左右。（图6,参12）     

饲粮赖氨酸水平对1～21日龄狮头鹅生长性能、血清生化指标及蛋白沉积的影响

【目的】主要研究不同赖氨酸水平的饲粮对1~21日龄狮头鹅生长性能、血清生化指标及蛋白沉积的影响.【方法】选用828只1日龄的健康狮头鹅,随机分为6组,每组6个重复,每个重复23只.对照组赖氨酸添加水平(w)为0.75%,各处理组赖氨酸水平分别为0.90%、1.05%、1.20%、1.35%、1.50%.试验期21 d.【结果和结论】1)随赖氨酸水平升高,1.05%~1.50%处理组的狮头鹅21日龄的平均日增质量显著高于对照组和0.90%组(P0.05);赖氨酸1.05%~1.50%处理组耗料增质量比均显著低于对照组和0.90%组(P0.05).2)对狮头鹅血清总蛋白、白蛋白、球蛋白的影响趋势相近,均在1.20%组达到最高,并显著高于0.90%、1.05%和1.35%组.血清尿酸和三酰甘油的浓度均在1.05%组最低,但各组之间差异不显著.血清碱性磷酸酶浓度在1.20%组达到最大值,显著高于1.05%、1.35%和1.50%组(P0.05).血清生长激素、胰岛素样生长因子1质量浓度各组间差异不显著.3)狮头鹅蛋白绝对沉积、相对沉积随饲粮赖氨酸水平的升高而升高,并且在赖氨酸为1.20%时达到较好的效果.研究表明,饲粮中添加赖氨酸可以有效地提高狮头鹅的生长性能,1~21日龄狮头鹅饲粮赖氨酸适宜水平为1.05%.     

Effects of Maternal Dietary Energy Restriction on Fat Deposition of Offspring

The study was carried out to investigate the effects of maternal dietary energy restriction on growth performance, serum indices and fat deposition of offspring. A total of 400 female Arbor Acres （AA） broiler breeders were studied. These female birds involved three experimental treatments and a control group with normal dietary energy diets （ND, 11.7 MJ of ME. kgt during the laying）. In treatments 2, 3 and 4, the energies of diets were 20%, 30% and 50% （LD20, LD30 and LD50） lower than those of the control, respectively. The study commenced at the beginning of the laying period when the total egg production reached 5% of the flock. All the broiler offspring were fed the same diets. The results showed that in low energy diets, offspring showed decreased 1-day-old weight, but 49-day-old weight was higher in LD20 diet （P〈0.05）. For offspring during days 1-49, the average daily gain （ADG） in LD20 group and the feed conversion ratio in LD50 group were improved as compared with those of the control （P〈0.05）. Compared with the control, abdominal fat percentage increased in 49-day-old offspring from LD30 diet （P〈0.05）; the fat content of breast muscle in offspring increased in broilers fed low energy diets （P〈0.05）. In 28-day-old offspring from breeders given LD20 and LD50 diets, liver fat percentages were higher compared with ND （P〈0.05）. The subcutaneous fat thickness in 28-day-old offspring from LD50 group and 49-day-old offspring from LD30 group was higher （P〈0.05）. On day 49, the serum cholesterol （CHO） of offspring from breeders fed LD20 diet and serum high-density lipoprotein （HDL） of offspring from breeders fed LD50 diet reduced compared with those of the control （P〈0.05）. In addition, a higher triiodothyronine （T3） content in serum was found in offspring from broiler breeders given LD20 and LD30 diets （P〈0.05）. Serum thyroxine （T4） in offspring significantly decreased with the decrease of diet energy （P〈0.05）. In conclusion, to a certain extent, dietary energy restriction in breeders could improve growth performance and promote lipid metabolism of offspring.     

平移式喷灌机行走速度及喷灌均匀度试验研究

为研究低压喷灌下喷灌机行走速度合理取值以及喷灌均匀度对土壤含水率均匀度的影响,以自行研制的轻小型平移式喷灌机为研究对象,通过室内单喷头试验和田间喷灌试验,探究了特定灌水定额下喷灌机的工作压力与行走速度关系,并对其水量分布、喷灌均匀度以及土壤含水率均匀度随时间变化进行了分析.结果表明：通过确定灌水定额能够计算出平移式喷灌机的行走速度和工作压力：当灌水定额分别为10,15,20 mm时,40~120 kPa喷灌压力下喷灌机行走速度最小为17.27 m/h,最大为58.65 m/h;增大喷灌压力能小范围提高均匀度,40 kPa工作压力均匀度为0.696,60~120 kPa喷灌压力下均匀度变化范围为0.731~0.788,喷灌水在土壤中的二次分布均匀度明显高于地表喷灌均匀度,40 kPa喷灌压力下喷后6 h土壤含水率均匀度达到0.906,24 h后达到0.953,可相应降低喷灌均匀度设计值以降低运行成本,节约能耗.     

大型铜冶炼厂周边农田区大气重金属沉降特征研究

为探索铜冶炼厂周边农田区大气重金属沉降的时空变异特征,以冶炼厂为中心,四周等距离均匀分设8个监测点,于2012年5月至2013年4月,根据酸沉降检测技术规范,采收大气干湿沉降混合样品,利用原子吸收分光光度法分析样品中Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、Cr含量,计算各监测点所代表区域各类重金属沉降通量。结果显示,研究区重金属Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、Cr的年沉降通量分别为638、6.56、70.0、225、22.7 mg·m-2·a-1。五种重金属沉降量具有一定的时间变化特征,其中Cd、Zn和Cr的月际间变化显著(P0.05,n=96),Pb、Zn、Cr季节间变化显著(P0.05,n=32),而Cu无显著的月间或季间变化。空间上,Cu、Cd、Pb年沉降通量有极显著性差异(P0.01,n=8),以铜冶炼厂西南方向的九牛岗监测点最高,而Zn和Cr则无显著性差异。     

猪THRSP基因5'调控区多位点SNP联合效率的研究

旨在分析猪THRSP基因5’调控区多位点SNP联合调控THRSP基因表达的效率。实验从猪基因组获取包含多位点SNP的目的片段,利用荧光素酶报告基因pGL3-Basic构建表达载体,检测多位点SNP 的联合启动效率,并通过实时荧光定量PCR进行THRSP基因表达验证分析。结果表明,在5个SNP位点中,TCAGA 的启动效率最高,比CTGGA的启动效率高129％,而CCAGA、CTAGA和CTGAT的启动效率较CTGGA分别低99.0%、73.2％和42.6％。TCAGA的启动效率较CCAGA高75.6％,而CCAGA比CTAGA的启动效率高96.6％;报告基因所揭示的SNP启动效率与THRSP基因实时荧光定量PCR结果一致。     

微小迷宫流道中的沙粒沉积规律

为了分析迷宫型微小流道中沙粒沉积规律,通过计算流体动力学软件FLUENT对灌水器内部流场进行了分析,研究了灌水器中沙粒运动轨迹及沉积规律。研究表明：碰撞反弹系数对沙粒沉积规律影响很大,灌水器各流道单元速度场分布相似,压力场差异较大,沙粒运动轨迹基本不受各单元压力场变化的影响;粒径是影响沙粒沉积的最主要因素,粒径越大,沙粒的沉积危险系数越大;灌水器入口压力越大,沙粒的沉积危险系数越小。对沙粒沉积规律的研究,有利于深入地了解灌水器的堵塞机理,为灌水器抗堵塞设计提供一定的依据。     

Regional and local patterns of soil nutrients at Rocky Mountain treelines

The soils across treeline should vary because of direct effects of biological differences of coniferous subalpine forest and the herbaceous alpine tundra in Colorado. In addition, the change in life form may indirectly affect soils because of interactions of the vegetation and wind-driven deposition processes. This is particularly important as nitrogen (N) saturation is a growing concern in high elevation ecosystems, and treeline is predicted to be a deposition hotspot. The vegetation transition at treeline provides an opportunity to test the effects of vegetation, topography, and external inputs on soils at three spatial scales. First, a regional evaluation of soils at eleven abrupt treeline sites was made comparing sites on east and west aspects both east and west of the Continental Divide (CD). Second, soils were compared in the adjacent forest and tundra. Finally, edge effects were assessed along transects spanning treeline. At the regional scale, total soil N was higher east of the CD and on east aspects while exchangeable calcium was higher on east aspects and at sites west of the CD. Higher lead (Pb) concentration in the forest organic horizon was associated with lower ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb ratios, an indication of greater anthropogenic Pb inputs. However, the spatial pattern in soil Pb suggests a different source area or transport mechanism than N. Within individual sites, the soils differed between the forest and tundra in almost every measured variable, but edge effects were minimal on both sides of these abrupt treelines. While a direct link between the observed soil patterns to deposition of external inputs cannot be made based on the study design, the observed soil patterns suggest that the impacts of acid deposition are amplified or attenuated by processes such as dust deposition.