1951-2016年长江荆南三口地区旱涝演变与急转特征分析

根据荆南三口地区22个气象站点1951—2016年月降水资料,采用标准化降水指数（SPI）及夏季长周期旱涝急转指数（LDFAI）,辅以EOF分析、小波分析、M-K检验等相关分析方法,分析荆南三口地区66年旱涝的变化特征。结果表明：（1）旱涝年际变化较大,20世纪50年代前涝后旱、60—70年代整体干旱、80年代旱涝交替、90年代洪涝、21世纪前涝后旱,且四季均可发生旱涝事件。（2）空间尺度可分为3个区域类型,东南部（湿润区）、中部（降水均匀区）、西北部（偏干区）,且季节空间分布上存在较大差异,西北部的五峰、宜昌、荆州等地四季干旱较多,中部的安乡、南县、华容等地四季洪涝较多。（3）年与四季多以5年、10年周期为主,并具有30~35年的长周期。（4）旱涝急转指数在1981年和2015年发生显著变化,而旱涝强度在1972年和2014年发生显著突变。（5）宜昌、石门、澧县等夏季多为旱转涝;五峰、宁乡、安乡、华容、常德等地夏季多为涝转旱。     

Streamflow environment predicts divergent life history phenotypes among populations of the Blacktail Shiner Cyprinella venusta: Temporal stability of a large‐scale pattern

Egg size variation among 16 Gulf Coast populations of Cyprinella venusta, the Blacktail Shiner, previously was shown to be significantly correlated with annual stream runoff. In this study, we examined egg size across multiple years and seasons in a subset of the original populations, focusing on three streams that differed widely in annual stream runoff. These populations appear to have been derived independently, possibly nearly synchronously in geological time, from an ancestral form. Thus, they can be considered statistically independent. Most of the variation in egg size was attributable to differences across the three populations. Although annual and seasonal variation was present, the three populations shifted similarly on both of these time scales. The results support an earlier hypothesis that streamflow, quantified using mean annual runoff, is a strong selective influence on egg size, hence offspring size, favouring larger egg size in populations inhabiting streams with greater levels of runoff.     

Loss of genetic variability in the captive stocks of tambaqui,Colossoma macropomum (Cuvier, 1818), at breeding centres in Brazil,and their divergence from wild populations

The loss of variability in farmed populations and the risks of interactions with wild populations support the need for the genetic monitoring of species farmed throughout the world. In Brazil, the tambaqui is the most widely farmed native fish species. Despite this, there are no data on the pedigree of the farmed stocks, and the potential for interactions with wild populations in the Amazon basin has raised concerns with regard to the genetic variability of these stocks. The present study analysed sequences of the mitochondrial Control Region and 12 microsatellites to characterize the genetic variability of seven historically important commercial tambaqui breeding centres located in four different regions of Brazil, and compared these sequences with those obtained from individuals collected from a wild population. High levels of genetic diversity were found in the wild population, whereas genetic diversity was reduced in both markers in most captive populations, except for the broodstock located near the Amazon River. High F_ST and D_EST indices were recorded between the wild population and most of the captive stocks analysed. The drastic reduction in genetic diversity found in most captive stocks and the difference between these stocks and the wild population may have been the result of the small size of the founding populations and the absence of breeding management. The renewal of the broodstocks and the application of breeding management techniques are recommended. In the Amazon region, in addition, the use of broodstocks that are genetically very different from local wild populations should be avoided.     

河南黄背草群落碳、氮密度空间变化及其驱动因素分析

试验采用野外调查与室内分析相结合的方法,分别对豫北、豫西和豫南3个地区的黄背草群落植被碳、氮密度进行了测定,并与气候、地形、土壤等生态因子进行了关联性分析,旨在明确黄背草（Themeda japonica）群落碳、氮密度在河南省不同区域的差异,以及导致这种空间变化的驱动因素,结果表明：黄背草群落地上碳、氮密度空间分布整体呈“西高南北低”的特点,豫西地上碳密度约为豫北、豫南地区的1.5倍,豫西地上氮密度约为豫北、豫南地区的2倍。群落根系碳、氮密度则呈现“南高西低”格局,豫南根系碳密度分别是豫北和豫西的1.7倍和2.9倍,豫南根系氮密度分别是豫北和豫西的1.7倍和2.7倍。RDA冗余分析（redundancy analysis,RDA）表明,影响河南黄背草群落植被碳、氮密度空间分布的因素依次是土壤砾石比、海拔、温度、降水和群落盖度。上述结果对于明确不同环境条件下黄背草群落的生态功能差异及其驱动因素具有指导意义。     

基于能量平衡算法的精河流域绿洲蒸散发时空变化模拟

基于1998、2007年和2011年三期遥感影像数据,利用SEBAL模型对研究区蒸散发进行了估算,并采用morlet小波分析和M-K突变检验,对实际蒸散量时空格局、变化特征及周期性进行了研究。结果表明:1998—2011年,研究区实际日蒸散发从4.90 mm下降到4.46 mm,总体呈下降趋势;研究区中部艾比湖湖面为极高值,其范围为7.3~9.32 mm,西北部、北部和东部为蒸散量低值区,其范围为0.53~1.27 mm;研究区不同土地类型的日蒸散量中未利用地最小,其次是建设用地,除水体外林地和耕地最高;研究区蒸散量存在26~30 a的周期变化规律,预测2022年将再次转入下降,而2030年蒸散量则将再次进入上升周期。     

近54 a中国西北地区气温和降水的时空变化特征

利用中国西北地区1961—2014年191个台站的逐月气温和降水资料,通过线性倾向估计、滑动平均、累积距平、IDW（反距离空间插值）等方法,研究了西北地区气温和降水的时空变化特征。结果表明：近54 a西北地区平均气温呈波动上升趋势,其中冬季的增温速率最大,极端最高、最低气温均呈上升趋势。降水量也呈上升趋势,尤其是近几年上升速度较快。降水主要集中在夏季,进入21世纪后冬季降水增加。多年平均气温较高区域集中在南疆地区、祁连山东南部,其中升温较明显区域集中在准噶尔盆地和天山地区西南部分地区。降水量表现出东多西少的特征,降水量较多区域集中在祁连山东南部,降水量较少区域集中在南疆地区,其中降水增加较明显区域集中在北疆地区、塔里木盆地的西部地区。从西北地区近54 a气温和降水的时空变化可以看出,西北地区有向暖湿转变的趋势。     

Relationships between individual movement,trophic position and growth of juvenile pike (Esox lucius)

Variation in movement between individuals can have important ecological effects on populations and ecosystems, yet the factors driving differences in movement and their consequences remain poorly understood. Here, individual variability in the movements of juvenile (age 0 +  and 1 +  year) pike Esox lucius was assessed using passive integrated transponder (PIT) telemetry in off‐channel nursery areas over a 26‐ month period. Differences in the movement patterns of individuals were tested against their body sizes, ages, growth rates and trophic positions using data collected through a combination of catch‐and‐release sampling and stable isotope analyses. Results revealed that variation in movement between individuals was affected by age, with 1 +  individuals moving more than individuals of age 0 + , but not length. Individuals whose TP was low on their initial capture event moved significantly less than those with a higher initial TP. Individuals that moved more grew faster and achieved a higher final TP. These results suggest that higher activity (i.e., increased movement) increases resource acquisition that enhances growth rates, which could ultimately maximise individual performances.     

Mineral contents of the muscle tissue and the digestive gland of Octopus vulgaris during short‐term starvation

We used spectrometry to study variation in the contents of minor (B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) and major essential elements (Ca, K, Mg, Na and P) in the muscle tissue and digestive glands of Octopus vulgaris after 1, 2, 4 or 8 days of starvation and in fed controls. The contents of the major essential elements remained constant during 8 days of starvation. Na was the principal element found in both tissues, followed by K, P and Mg. The contents of the minor essential elements were higher in the digestive gland than in the muscle tissue, with increased contents of Fe, Mn and Zn (p < .05) during starvation, confirming the high capacity of this organ to accumulate trace minerals. In muscle tissues, B, Fe and Mn contents were lower and Cu and Zn contents higher, in starved animals than in fed animals (p < .05). Significant negative correlations between the digestive gland index and the contents of Cu, Fe and Zn suggested that the loss of weight of the digestive gland during starvation is responsible for this increase in mineral concentration. This and further information on variation in mineral content will help to optimize performance of diets formulated for the octopus.     

超低温对降香种子遗传变异和生理特性的影响

采用单因素随机区组试验方案探究降香种子玻璃化超低温保存最适条件,结合显微切片观察和生理生化特性检测对冷冻后细胞形态和生理生化指标变化进行分析,同时运用形态观察法和相关序列扩增多态性（SRAP）分子标记法对超低温保存后的降香植株遗传稳定性进行检测。结果表明：降香种子玻璃化超低温保存最佳条件为：室温（25 ℃）装载 25 min,0 ℃ 玻璃化脱水 30 min,40 ℃水浴解冻 5 min。对比检测不同冷冻时间的降香种子超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、α-淀粉酶、脱氢酶活性、丙二醛（MDA）含量以及电导率等生理生化指标,无明显差异。显微观察超低温保存前后的降香种胚内部结构,未见明显变化。超低温保存后的降香种子发芽时,出现短暂的生长停滞期,恢复培养后,其表观形态指标与对照植株无明显差异。SRAP技术分析了超低温冷冻前后的降香再生植株,其 SRAP 带型基本一致,未见明显差异带型。综上表明,超低温保存降香种子是长期稳定、安全可靠的。     

黑果枸杞光合作用日变化规律研究

以盆栽的黑果枸杞组培苗为材料,自然条件下用便携式光合-荧光测量系统GFS-3000对黑果枸杞光合作用进行测定,对影响其光合作用的生理因子和环境因子进行相关性分析。结果表明:黑果枸杞净光合速率的日变化在夏季表现为双峰曲线,有光合"午休"现象,日平均光合速率为10.27μmol/m~2·s;光补偿点(LCP)为41.31μmol/m~2·s,光饱和点(LSP)为1698.88μmol/m~2·s,表现出阳性植物特征,适合在光照充足的地区栽培;表观量子效率(AQY)为0.051,这说明黑果枸杞对光的利用率较高,有较强的光合能力。相关分析结果表明黑果枸杞的净光合速率(Pn)与光合有效辐射(PAR)、叶室温度(Tcu)、叶片温度(Tl)、大气温度(Ta)、气孔导度(Gs)及蒸腾速率(Tr)具有极显著正相关关系(p0.01),与空气CO_2浓度(Ca)显著正相关(p0.05),与胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)具有极显著负相关关系。