贵州省绥阳县麻黄洞土壤渗透水-洞穴水元素变化特征及气候响应

[目的]探究白云岩洞穴上覆土壤渗透水—洞穴水水化学元素变化特征及相互关系,揭示岩溶水Ca,Mg,Sr元素比值变化与洞外气候的响应关系。[方法]以贵州省绥阳县双河洞洞穴系统中的麻黄洞为研究对象,通过麻黄洞4个洞穴水点和上覆3个土壤点土壤渗透水的定期监测、采样和室内实验,并运用统计分析方法和元素比值法对各监测指标进行比较分析。[结果]①麻黄洞上覆土壤渗透水主要水化学指标表现为旱季雨季、洞穴水主要水化学指标表现为雨季旱季的季节性变化特征。②洞穴水EC,Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+),HCO~-_3,Sr~(2+)离子浓度约为土壤渗透水的2～6倍,表明表层岩溶带岩溶过程对洞穴水水化学元素具有重要影响。③土壤渗透水对地表降雨和温度变化具有积极响应,旱季滞留于土壤中的大量矿质元素是导致4月份土壤渗透水中Ca,Mg,Sr浓度出现高值的主要原因。④洞穴水Mg/Ca、Sr/Ca比值变化及其相关性,反映了洞穴水受到来源、水—岩相互作用、洞穴水脱气沉积和先期方解石沉淀过程(PCP)等机制影响的协同性及洞穴上覆主要岩溶过程差异,因此其比值变化能够间接表现洞外温度和降雨变化。[结论]土壤渗透水、洞穴水水化学元素具有明显的月间波动和季节性变化特征,且监测点间具有显著差异。两种类型水Ca,Mg,Sr比值变化及相关性对地表降雨和温度变化具有积极响应。     

2个油茶品种及6个近缘种的光合特性日变化规律

为了筛选油茶近缘种高光效种质资源,从而为培育油茶新品种提供优质材料,以2个普通油茶品种(‘湘林1’与‘湘林97’)和6个近缘种(博白大果油茶、越南油茶、浙江红山茶、溆浦大红山茶、攸县油茶、滇山茶)为试验材料,对其叶片的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、胞间CO2浓度、气孔导度、水分利用效率等光合参数进行了测定和分析。观测结果表明:滇山茶、攸县油茶、越南油茶、博白大果油茶和‘湘林1’与‘湘林97’叶片的净光合速率均呈“单峰”曲线的变化趋势,其气孔导度和蒸腾速率亦均呈“单峰”曲线的变化趋势,而其胞间CO2浓度却呈“V”型曲线的变化趋势;浙江红山茶和溆浦大红山茶的净光合速率均呈“双峰”曲线的变化趋势,其气孔导度呈“平稳”型曲线的变化趋势,胞间CO2浓度呈“W”型曲线的变化趋势,蒸腾速率呈“单峰”曲线的变化趋势,说明其均存在光合“午休现象”。相关性分析结果表明:净光合速率与气孔导度呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与水分利用效率呈显著正相关(P<0.05);气孔导度与水分利用效率呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)。主成分分析结果表明:从5个光合参数中提取了特征根>1的主成分2个,其累计贡献率为83.545%;主成分1(F1)中净光合速率、气孔导度和水分利用效率的累计正向贡献率最多,主成分(F2)中蒸腾速率的累计正向贡献率最多;根据综合评价结果可知,2个普通油茶品种及6个近缘种的光合效率由高到低依次为:油茶‘湘林1’>滇山茶>油茶‘湘林97’>攸县油茶>博白大果油茶>越南油茶>溆浦大红山茶>浙江红山茶。     

茬口和施氮水平对小麦品质性状及其变异系数的影响

通过在山西省临汾市尧都区建立夏季小麦收获后复播大豆、油葵、玉米和夏季休闲4个茬口,进行不同茬口、施N水平对下季种植的小麦品质性状及其变异系数的研究.结果表明:小麦千粒重、容重、蛋白质含量、沉降值及湿面筋品质性状等各茬口问存在差异,大豆茬口可较好地协调各品质性状.千粒重和容重在休闲茬口中均以高N水平(E、F)较高,而在其他茬口中则以低N水平较高;蛋白质含量、沉降值和湿面筋3个性状在4个茬口中的平均值则以高N水平(E)较高;茬口和施氮水平对各品质性状的变异系数影响分别为沉降值>湿面筋>蛋白质含量、沉降值>蛋白质含量>湿面筋.该项研究为专用小麦标准化生产提供了理论依据.     

~(60)Coγ射线辐照扶芳藤枝条的表型变异研究

用60Coγ射线辐照扶芳藤枝条,扦插苗平均分枝数与辐照剂量呈极显著负相关。随着辐照剂量的增大,倾斜和匍匐生长的植株比例呈增加趋势。80 Gy处理有利于使植株的叶色在冬季仍保持绿色。V1代筛选出株高、平均节长、粗/长、叶形指数、叶面积以及枝条枯梢、分叉、叶序变化等性状的变异体。     

可耕种坡地的土壤水力参数非均质性变化

The spatial variations of the soil hydraulic properties were mainly considered in vertical direction. The objectives of this study were to measure water-retention curves, θ（ψ）, and unsaturated hydraulic conductivity functions, K（ψ）, of the soils sampled at different slope positions in three directions, namely, in vertical direction, along the slope and along the contour, and to determine the effects of sampling direction and slope position of two soil catenas. At the upper slope positions, the surface soils （0-10 cm） sampled in the vertical direction had a lower soil water content, 0, at a certain soil water potential （-1 500 kPa 〈 ψ 〈 -10 kPa） and had the greatest unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, K, at ψ 〉 -10 kPa. At the lower slope positions, K at ψ〉 -10 kPa was smaller in the vertical direction than in the direction along the slope. The deep soils （100 110 cm） had similar soil hydraulic properties in all the three directions. The anisotropic variations of the hydraulic properties of the surface soils were ascribed to the effects of natural wetting and drying cycles on the structural heterogeneity. These results suggested that the anisotropy of soil hydraulic properties might be significant in influencing soil water movement along the slope and need to be considered in modeling.     

昼间亚高温处理时期对日光温室番茄光合作用与产量的影响

在日光温室番茄第1花序第1花开花当天(处理1)及开花后10 d时(处理2)分别对植株进行昼间35℃亚高温处理,研究不同的35℃亚高温处理时期对番茄光合作用及产量的影响.结果表明:无论是处理1、处理2还是对照,番茄叶片净光合速率(Pn)的日变化均呈双峰曲线,即Pn均存在"午休"现象;但亚高温处理的植株午前和午后Pn的峰值均明显降低.处理1与处理2经5 d亚高温处理后,叶片Pn均明显降低;此后表现为亚高温处理的时期越早,Pn值越低,尤其是上部叶片.不同时期开始亚高温处理,叶片气孔导度(Gs)增大、气孔限制值(Ls)减小,处理时期早的,各指标与对照差异越明显.认为番茄叶片Pn的降低主要是由非气孔限制因素引起的.亚高温处理番茄光合作用降低,同化产物供应不足,处理1与处理2的坐果率均明显降低,最终产量分别下降65.43%、42.31%.认为番茄植株叶光合作用的减弱与产量降低有直接关系.     

黄土高原地区近50年参考作物蒸散量变化特征

为了探求黄土高原地区深层土壤干燥化过程及成因和该地区植被耗水的变化情况,该文根据黄土高原5站点近50 a的日气象资料,利用Penman-Monteith公式计算了同参考作物蒸散量,并分析了Eto的日均值、月均值和年值的变化特征,同时分析了平均温度、最高温度、最低温度、日照时数、风速和相对湿度与Eto的相关性.结果表明:黄土高原地区Eto日值和月均值与大气温度、日照时数均达到了极显著的相关性,其Eto日值和层Eto月均值曲线均呈单峰型,存在明显的季节变化特征,峰值均出现在6月.除了西安和西宁Eto年值显著降低外,其他3站点的年际间变化趋势不显著,同时除西宁站外其他各站点在20世纪80年代后Eto均有上升的趋势.     

基于Kriging插值法的土壤磷素空间变异图建立及分析

建立土壤养分空间数据库,并进行空间变异分析,已成为推进精准农业实施的前提和基础。本文结合国家“863”项目“玉米精准作业系统研究与应用”的要求,运用GPS（全球定位系统）采集地块信息,结合GIS（地理信息系统）技术,进行数据的处理,创建数据库、地图等操作,并应用Kriging（克里格）插值法生成土壤磷素养分空间变异图。通过对该区域土壤磷素养分空间变异特征的分析,为合理施肥、实行养分的分区管理、为指导农民科学种田,提供理论依据。     

Spatial variability of total soil carbon and nitrogen stocks for some reclaimed minesoils of southeastern Ohio

Reclamation of drastically disturbed minesoils and subsequent planting of trees and/or grasses can result in a rapid build‐up of carbon (C) in the soil. However, the amount of C sequestered in reclaimed minesoils may vary with the amount of time since reclamation. In this study, we assessed total carbon (TC) and total nitrogen (TN) concentrations for reclaimed minesoils located in northeastern Ohio and characterized by distinct reclamation age chronosequences. Reclaimed minesoils studied were R78G, reclaimed in 1978 and immediately seeded to grass; R82GT, reclaimed in 1982 and immediately seeded to grass and trees were planted 5 years later; and R87G, reclaimed in 1987 and immediately seeded to grass. An unmined site, UMG, was also included as a reference. Our objectives were to evaluate the variability with respect to mean and the spatial variability of pH, bulk density (ρ_b), TC and TN concentrations, and stocks in each reclaimed minesoil. Thirty soil samples were collected at each of the 0–15, 15–30, and 30–50 cm depth. The coefficient of variation (CV) for ρ_b was least, <15 per cent at each site and depth. For TN concentration and stock, CV was moderate, 15–35 per cent, in each field except the UMG where it was high, >35 per cent at 0–15, and 15–30 cm depths. For TC concentration and stocks, CV was high, >35 per cent, across all minesoils and generally increased with depth. The C/N ratio followed the same tend as TC and TN stocks and ranged from 40 per cent to 123 per cent across minesoils. Geostatistical analysis also showed an increase in sample variance with increasing amount of time since reclamation for most soil properties under investigation. Sample variance for TC concentration and stocks also increased with depth in reclaimed minesoils. However, no definite relationship emerged between amount of time since reclamation and the spatial dependence of TC and TN concentrations and stocks. Overall this study showed that reclamation of drastically disturbed minesoils increased the soil C concentration and stocks and reclamation by initially seeding to grasses followed by planting trees was the best management option for speedy accretion of soil C and soil quality enhancement. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.