藏族的草原游牧文化(Ⅱ)——藏区的草原和生产文化

青藏高原是全球海拔最高的自然地域单元,由于地势高耸、气候寒冷而被称之为“地球第三极”.它是南亚、东南亚众水发源地,哺育了中华黄河、长江流域文明和印度河流域文明.至当代,它仍然对中华民族乃至南亚、东南亚人民的生存和发展有着决定性影响.草原分为高寒草原、高寒草甸、荒漠草原、高寒灌丛等.在各类草地类型中,以高寒草原与草甸草地...     

Direct impacts of recent climate warming on insect populations

Effects of recent climate change have already been detected in many species, and, in particular, in insects. The present paper reviews the key impacts of global warming on insect development and dispersal. The effects of climate change appear to be much more complex than a simple linear response to an average increase in temperature. They can differ between seasons and bioclimatic regions. Earlier flight periods, enhanced winter survival and acceleration of development rates are the major insect responses. Differential response of insects and hosts to warming up might also lead to disruption of their phenological synchrony, but adaptive genetic processes are likely to quickly restore this synchrony. In a number of cases, warming results in removing or relocating the barriers that limit present species' ranges. It is also likely to facilitate the establishment and spread of invasive alien species. Finally, knowledge gaps are identified and future research interests are suggested.     

Identification and Molecular Characteristics Analysis of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Variants

To ascertain a diarrhea case in a pig farm in Shandong province,the pathological changes of dead piglets were observed and nested RT-PCR test was carried out on 7 diarrhea samples for porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV).Pathological examination revealed that intestine was detected as enlargement,hyperemia and edema.After histological examination,the typical microscopic lesions of intestine were disappearance of epithelial cells,villus shrinkage and shortening.The result of nested RT-PCR showed that all of the 7 samples could amplify a specific target band of PEDV.Molecular characteristics of two field strains showed that they had an amino acid homology of 92.3% to 92.4% with vaccine CV777 and 96.6% to 98.6% with other previous field strains which sequences were downloaded from GenBank.Phylogenetic tree analysis further revealed that all of PEDV strains could be mainly divided into two clusters of G1 and G2. G2 consisted of the field strains of our study and other field strains from USA,China and so on,which had the same sequence characteristics of two insertions and one deletion,while G1 consisted of all vaccines of CV777 and several older field strains from China and Korea.These results indicated that our field strains were the dominant strains in recent epidemic diarrhea occurrence.Moreover,its molecular characteristics might be a characterization of differentiating the field and vaccine strains.     

采煤沉陷区苦草的生物学特性及其竞争机制

采煤活动所致的动态沉陷湿地具有动态性、高潜水位和生态脆弱性等特点,探明此类人工重构湿地的水生植物群落的生物学特性及其竞争机制,有助于为采煤沉陷区湿地水生植物群落修复提供科学依据。本研究以淮南潘集区人工构建的苦草群落(Ass. Vallisneria natans)为例,采用样方调查法,研究苦草的生物学特性及其与其他水生植物的竞争机制。结果表明,1)沉陷区苦草的生物学特性与浅水湖泊较一致。主要表现在苦草的繁殖方式、传粉方式、生活史方面,但研究区苦草以有性繁殖为主。2)沉陷区苦草能与以种子萌发形成的水烛群丛(Ass. Typha angustifolia)共生,但生物量低;在与形成两年以上的水烛群丛竞争中处于劣势,在水烛群丛盖度达到90%时苦草逐渐消失。3)沉陷区苦草在与浮叶植物莕菜群丛(Ass. Nymphoides peltatum)、苹群丛(Ass. Marsilea quadrifolia)竞争中处于弱势,其盖度、株高、生物量等指标都明显下降。4)沉陷区苦草在与沉水植物竹叶眼子菜群丛(Ass. Potamogeton malaianus)竞争中处于劣势,苦草与沉水植物黑藻群丛(Ass. Hydrilla verticillata)、狐尾藻群丛(Ass. Myriophyllum verticillatum)、大茨藻群丛(Ass. Najas marina)、金鱼藻群丛(Ass. Ceratophyllum demersum)占据不同水层空间,种间竞争不强烈,能较好地共存。总之,苦草较之于相似生长型的植物具有较明显的竞争优势,对于具有不同生活型,尤其是挺水植物和浮叶植物,处于竞争劣势。     

青南高原气候变化及其对高寒草甸牧草生长影响的研究

通过对１９６１年以来青南高原气候变化的分析,发现该地区年平均降水量及秋季降水量无明显的变化趋势,且其年际间的波动趋于缓和;冬季（１２－２月）和春季（３－５月）降水量的变化趋势呈现出逐年增多的趋势,气候倾向率分别为２．６ｍｍ／１０ａ和３．６ｍｍ／１０ａ;夏季降水量变化却表现出显著的减少趋势,其倾向率为－６．５ｍｍ／１０ｓ。     

次黄筒天牛生物学特性及卵的空间分布研究

次黄筒天牛在江苏太仓1～2年发生一代，幼虫在枝干内越冬，成虫6月上旬～7月中旬羽化，取食桑树的嫩叶、叶脉，产卵于桑树新梢端部。卵期13d，幼虫蛀入枝条，先向上蛀食到梢端再调头向下蛀食，枝条短的幼虫可入拳越冬，第2年5月中旬化蛹，蛹期约16d。被害株有效条数降低，影响产叶量。该虫卵的空间分布为聚集型。个体间相互吸引但聚集强度不高，并在此基础上提出了序贯抽样模型。     

利用根管法对油菜和冬小麦苗期根系形态的研究

快速、准确的根系原位观测方法是根系研究中的重要技术,本研究介绍了一种根管盆栽方法,该方法在透明PVC管内种植作物,通过遮光膜保持管内黑暗环境,以实现在作物生长过程中对其根系生长的原位动态观测,且根系生长环境更接近田间实际情况,并可通过改变根管长度、半径等将其应用于田间深根作物的研究中。利用此方法、结合根系扫描技术分析了油菜和冬小麦从发芽到出苗后16 d时的根系生长情况。结果表明,出苗后7和16 d冬小麦根系和地上部干物重均大于油菜,出苗后16 d冬小麦和油菜根冠比分别为0.513和0.372。大部分根系分布在0~16 cm表层土壤中,出苗后16 d冬小麦和油菜表层土壤中的根长在总根长中的比例分别为62.60%和67.76%,根系总表面积、总体积和一级侧根数均为表层土壤中占比最多,在出苗后7 d,总根长、总表面积、总体积和一级侧根数均为冬小麦显著高于油菜,而在出苗后16 d,两种作物的总根长和总表面积差别不大,说明油菜根系生长呈先缓后快趋势。表层土壤中根系平均直径小于底层土壤,油菜根系平均直径小于冬小麦,油菜和冬小麦的根系直径均大部分在0~0.50 mm之间,随着根系生长,较细的侧根逐渐增多,根系平均直径变小。出苗后16 d内的冬小麦根系伸长速率为1.83 cm/d,大于油菜的1.51 cm/d。因此,冬小麦苗期根系生长快于油菜,油菜根系呈先缓后快的生长特性。本研究介绍的根管法是一种原位研究根系的有效方法。     

20个高羊茅品种镉耐性评价及富集特征

采用水培试验,用10μM Cd~(2+)对20个高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)品种进行处理,采用隶属函数值法和聚类分析法对其镉耐性和富集特征进行综合评价。结果表明,与对照相比,Cd~(2+)处理下所有参试高羊茅品种在株高、根长、生物量和光合色素含量等指标上均显著降低(P0.05),品种间变化值的差异也达到了显著水平(P0.05)。20份材料的平均隶属函数值变幅在为0.185~0.758,其中‘Commander’的镉耐性最强。20个品种间Cd~(2+)吸收和累积量也有很大差异,地上部Cd~(2+)浓度范围为106.66~150.97mg·kg~(-1),Cd~(2+)累积量最高值为6.87μg·株-1,最低值仅2.75μg·株-1,其中品种‘Commander’和‘Red Start’在Cd~(2+)吸收和累积上表现较好。通过综合评价最终将20个高羊茅品种分为4类,分别是高耐高吸收型:‘Arid 3’,‘Extreme’,‘Commander’,‘Escalade’,‘Ecological King’,‘Ky-32’,‘Red Start’,‘Green Label’;高耐低吸收型:‘Gold Crown’,‘Justice’,‘Honky Tonk’,‘Aries’;低耐高吸收型:‘RubyⅡ’,‘Coronado TDH’;低耐低吸收型:‘K31’,‘Crossfire Ⅲ’,‘Essential’,‘Super Watchdog’,‘Gram villa’,‘Dynamic Ⅱ’。     

水淹环境下光强对狗牙根幼苗生长及生理的影响

本研究设置全淹光照和全淹黑暗的生境,探索了水淹环境下光强对狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon)幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:两种水淹处理结果相同,均表现为地上部逐渐死亡;叶绿素含量、根生物量比显著升高;叶绿素a/b,根、叶可溶性糖,叶生物量、总生物量以及叶生物量比显著下降;叶、根淀粉含量及根、茎生物量无显著变化。     

基因枪轰击不同剂量小鹅瘟病毒VP3基因疫苗在雏鹅体内的动态分布

本文开展了检测小鹅瘟病毒(GPV)VP3基因的实时荧光定量PCR(FQ-PCR)方法的建立和基因枪轰击不同剂量(1、3和6μg)GPV-VP3基因疫苗(pcDNA-GPV-VP3)在30日龄四川白鹅体内(心、肝、脾、肺、肾、法氏囊、胸腺、哈氏腺、十二指肠、空肠、回肠、直肠、盲肠、胰腺、血液、脑及注射部位皮肤)分布规律的研究。结果表明:①建立的FQ-PCR特异性强、灵敏度高、重复性好,核酸模板数与FQ-PCR测定的Ct值相关系数达到0.999,具有很好的直线相关性;②pcDNA-GPV-VP3各剂量免疫雏鹅1 h即可在各组织中检测到,其中注射部位含量最高,肝、肾、淋巴器官(脾、法氏囊、胸腺、哈氏腺)含量较高;③到免疫后217 d时,1μg组免疫雏鹅各个组织器官内仍检测到pcDNA-GPV-VP3的存在,但多数组织器官中的含量比1 h时约少了4个数量级,其中免疫部位减少了7个数量级;④血液中pcDNA-GPV-VP3的含量较少,且免疫后1 h~217 d各时间点的差异不显著(P≥0.05);⑤不同剂量pcDNA-GPV-VP3免疫雏鹅各组织中的含量呈现的总体规律为6μg组>3μg组>1μg组,但差异不显著(P≥0.05)。因此,FQ-PCR是定量检测pcDNA-GPV-VP3在免疫雏鹅体内含量的可靠方法,pcDNA-GPV-VP3免疫雏鹅后1 h时可分布至雏鹅体内各组织器官中并持续存在217 d以上。