Intake and discharge nutrient loads at three intensive shrimp farms

This study was conducted to help provide a framework for Australian regulation of shrimp farm siting and discharges. Monitoring of farm water usage, and intake and discharge water quality was conducted at three commercial intensive shrimp farms, chosen to represent different operating environments, latitudes, cultured species and management styles. Weekly samples were taken over 3 years, for 3–12 months at each farm, to investigate intake and discharge concentrations and loads of total suspended solids (TSS), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP). Mean water exchange was 1.4 ML ha^?1 day^?1 (about 10% day^?1) at the first farm studied and 0.5 ML ha^?1 day^?1 (about 3.6% day^?1) at the others. Farm mean discharge concentration varied as follows: TSS, from 36.9 to 119 mg L^?1; TN, from 2.1 to 3.1 mg L^?1 and TP, from 0.22 to 0.28 mg L^?1. Farm mean intake concentrations were from 11% to 91% of equivalent mean discharge concentration (for TN at Farm B and TSS at Farm C respectively). Mean net discharge loads, related to area of production ponds at each farm, varied as follows: TSS, from 4.8 to 85.7 kg ha^?1 day^?1; TN, from 1 to 1.8 kg ha^?1 day^?1 and TP, from 0.11 to 0.22 kg ha^?1 day^?1. The highest net loads of TSS, TN and TP were all from the farm with the highest water exchange rate, located on a coastal river, and studied during a year of high rainfall with associated poor water quality. These results can be used to help predict likely discharge characteristics for new shrimp farms, and provide a benchmark against which to evaluate future improvements in shrimp farm environmental management.     

黄河未来输沙量态势及其适用性对策

[目的] 探索黄河输沙预测的新思路,预估黄河未来输沙态势与输沙量水平,为黄河流域生态治理规划提供参考。[方法] 结合黄河流域水土保持生态修复现状,采用单累积曲线法、滑动平均及频率分析方法,分析1950—2019年黄河主要来沙区间的实测输沙量变化特征及其未来态势。[结果] 1950—2019年黄河输沙量呈现阶梯式减少。1950—2019年黄河中游各站累积实测输沙量随时间的变化可用“左半抛物线”表征。黄河输沙量自1997年以来已进入相对稳定态势,目前已达企稳状态;黄河潼关站未来年输沙量在90%频率下为1.00×10⁸ t左右,在10%频率下为5.00×10⁸ t左右,未来多年平均输沙量为1.40×10⁸ t。[结论] 为了维持黄河输沙量低稳状态,提升水土保持措施质量与标准,补齐“后水土保持”短板,构建完善的水沙关系调控体系,维持黄河下游河道冲淤平衡,是黄河流域生态保护与高质量发展的保障。     

Soy protein concentrate as a substitute for fish meal in diets for juvenile Acanthopagrus schlegelii: effects on growth,phosphorus discharge and digestive enzyme activity

The current high demand and cost of fish meal (FM) necessities the evaluation of alternative plant protein ingredients in diets of farmed marine fish. A 56‐day feeding trial was performed to study the effects of replacement of FM with soy protein concentrate (SPC) in diets of Acanthopagrus schlegelii. Diets were prepared at levels of 0%, 30%, 47.5%, 65%, 82.5% and 100% SPC, respectively, replacing FM. The results indicated no significant differences (p > .05) in % weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate of fish fed S30% to S82.5% diets compared with the control diet while, further inclusion at 100% significantly depressed growth performance. SPC inclusion and phytase supplementation significantly affected the phosphorous discharge (P‐load) showing lowest value (3.83 ± 0.53 g/kg WG) in S100% compared to control (14.79 ± 0.37 g/kg WG) and in fish fed S30% diet (13.24 ± 0.89 g/kg WG) (p < .05). The results of this study showed that FM could be substituted up to 82.5% by SPC in the diet of Acanthopagrus schlegelii fingerlings (5.53 ± 0.12 g) without any adverse effects. Phytase supplementation SPC based diets could be effective in reducing the phosphorus load in the aquatic culture environment.     

基于多层C／S结构的医疗管理系统的开发与应用

随着经济的快速发展，环境污染越来越严重。排污权作为一项权利提出以后，其法律性质及法域归属问题争议颇多，有学者认为排污权是以环境容量为客体的用益物权，归属物权法域。从排污权的特殊性和现有立法规定看，排污权是以环境资源为客体的一种环境权，归属于环境法域。     

浅谈提高房地产项目环评审批效率的措施

为提高苏州高新区房地产建设项目的环评审批效率,在此分析了房地产项目的建设特点及环评审批现状,并结合相关的法律法规依据,提出合理调整环评评价内容、降低环评评价等级、提高环评审批效率的意见和建议。     

油量计量的微计算机控制

讨论了运用ＣＭＣ－８０双板机控制成品油库发油计量的原理和实现方法，该控制装置已在实际系统中使用。     

广西规模化猪场2种主要排污模式的指标测定

应用常规的化学分析技术,测定了广西地区具有代表性的2个规模化猪场不同污水处理阶段的污染物含量,并与国家排放标准进行比较,研究每个处理环节污染指数的变化,从而为畜牧养殖业节能减排采取针对性的整改措施提供参考。污染物指标包括:悬浮物(SS)、氨氮(NH3-N)、五日生化需氧量(BOD5)和化学耗氧量(CODcr)。结果表明,2个规模化猪场排出的污水经过一定的污水处理工艺后,猪场1排放的污水不达标,猪场2排放的污水达标;植物塘对污水有明显的净化作用;沉淀调节池和二沉池环节都能有效降低悬浮物(SS)的指标。     

气阻致输油泵机械密封过热失效分析与对策

西部管道乌鲁木齐输油首站成品油主泵启输及运行中多次出现机械密封泄漏油气油烟的过热失效现象。针对该问题,通过对机械密封失效现象的观察、气阻机理的探讨以及对气阻和杂质堵塞致机械密封失效的现象和原因进行对比分析,确定了气阻是导致机械密封过热失效泄漏油气油烟的主因。同时,提出了机械密封过热失效的解决方法,包括：启泵前需要反复多次对泵腔灌泵以充分排气;运行过程中若发现机械密封压盖及冲洗冷却循环管路快速升温发烫,则应立即在不停泵的状态下缓开泵腔排气阀排气。相关经验可为输油站现场避免发生此类问题提供实践依据。（图2,参6）     

龙羊峡水库年末水位控制与汛期弃水研究

【目的】合理控制龙羊峡水库年末(水文年年末,6月末)运行水位,为安全高效利用龙羊峡水库和保障黄河水资源综合利用效益提供参考。【方法】通过逐步回归分析方法,率定龙羊峡水库年末水位关键影响因子;建立BP神经网络预测模型,通过反推法确定龙羊峡水库年末消落水位下限;引入水库临界弃水概率的概念及计算公式,通过控制汛期临界弃水概率确定龙羊峡水库年末消落水位上限。【结果】龙羊峡水库年末消落水位关键影响因子为当年入库水量、年初水位、次年入库水量和当年黄河干流用水量;当年年末水位不低于死水位且汛期弃水概率在10%以内时,龙羊峡水库合理的年末水位应控制在2 575.0~2 576.5m。【结论】通过BP神经网络模型对水库年末消落水位的预测控制,并结合水库汛期临界弃水概率指导水库汛期防洪,可在防洪安全的基础上有效地提高水库的发电效益。     

Floodplains of a regulated southern alpine river (Brenno,Switzerland): ecological assessment and conservation options

• 1. The fifth‐order southern alpine Brenno River and its floodplains are severely impaired by embankments, water abstractions and the construction of dams for hydropower generation. The river's annual mean discharge is reduced to 27% of the natural flow and the number of small (50–100 m³ s^?1) and medium‐sized (101–150 m³ s^?1) floods is reduced significantly.
• 2. Lateral hydrological connectivity has decreased strongly as a result of the flow regulation, whereas the significance of vertical connectivity has increased. The remnants of the middle and lower floodplains still contain springbrooks, ponds, and intermittently connected channels, which are all sustained by emerging groundwater.
• 3. Aquatic floodplain habitats can be classified partially by faunal composition. The lotic/lentic gradient appears to be a dominant compound factor structuring invertebrate assemblages when considering all aquatic habitats. The exfiltration of groundwater in conjunction with a reduced lateral connectivity enables the occurrence of many stenotopic species.
• 4. A comparison of present floodplains with those shown on historical maps shows that the fluvial landscape has changed markedly. The proportions of functional floodplain units characterized by autogenic succession and trends to late successional stages (i.e. senescence) have increased.
• 5. Floodplains of the Brenno river are still considered to represent important ecological areas and they are protected by law. Whilst the legislative protection of floodplains is the basis for conservation, this does not include the restoration of driving hydrological processes. An annual release of small‐ and medium‐sized floods could generate a diversity of disturbances, thereby promoting rejuvenation and counteracting senescence.
• 6. Alternative conservation options that circumvent ongoing contracts of water use, though generally promising, are limited because of the operation of hydropower schemes. At present the exfiltrations of groundwater mitigate the impacts of flow regulation on the ecological integrity of the floodplains.

Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.