Pollutant discharge permit trading based on equilibrium theory

Pollutant discharge permit trading is an effective economic means to realize equilibrium development between pollutant treatment and water quality improvement. On the basis of summarizing the study characteristics of pollutant discharge permit trading at home and abroad, we present the study framework making treatment cost minimizing and the risk of low water quality minimizing as objective functions. Combining the application scope of the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-Ⅱ(NSGA-Ⅱ), Young Bargaining Theory (YBT)and Initial Discharge Permit Allocation model (IDPA), we construct Discharge Permit Trading model (DPT) considering the related factors of watershed pollutant treatment. By virtue of nonzero-sum game and theoretical framework of trading model, we describe the calculation process of optimization model. We choose typical watershed as a realistic example to test the efficiency and applicability of methodology for developing pollutant discharge permit trading. Finally, we give the perfection suggestion and application prospect forecastin.     

原状土滴灌条件下水分再分布过程研究

在米脂山地微灌枣树示范基地进行原状土的滴灌入渗试验,研究了不同流量、不同灌水历时条件下,水分再分布过程湿润体特征值的变化规律及水分分布规律。试验结果表明,灌溉结束48 h后土壤水分运动达到暂时的平衡,此后土壤含水率变化很小,湿润峰几乎不再扩展;再分布后湿润体体积与灌水量间也存在良好的线性关系;土壤含水率的最大值不在地表而在地表以下10 cm左右深度处;建立了预测湿润体特征值和湿润体体积的经验模型。     

坡面土壤剥蚀率与水蚀因子关系室内模拟试验

为了确定影响十壤剥蚀率的丰要侵蚀因子,该文采用变坡土槽在较大坡度(9°～24°)和流量(2.5～6.5 L/min)范围内进行了径流冲刷试验,运用逐步回归法,系统地分析了土壤剥蚀率与坡度和流量、水流剪切力、水流功率、单位水流功率和单宽能耗各因子之间的关系,建市了基于水流功率和坡度的土壤剥蚀率二元线性公式(R2=0.977).结果表明,土壤剥蚀率和各水蚀因子都显著相关,土壤剥蚀率与坡度和流量呈幂函数关系(R2=0.77),土壤剥蚀率与水流剪切力呈幂函数关系(R2=0.908),土壤剥蚀率随着水流功率的增加呈线性增加(R2=0.945),土壤剥蚀率和单宽能耗呈线性关系(R2=0.91),土壤剥蚀率与单位水流功率呈三次方关系(R2=0.52);坡度和水流功率是影响土壤剥蚀率的土要凶素.     

考虑顶托影响的水电综合出力系数动态特性分析

针对受下游尾水顶托的水库中长期发电调度中机组出力系数动态变化及其取值问题,从水库的库水位、尾水位和发电流量着手,分析了不同水情下影响综合出力系数的关键因素及其影响程度.结合三峡水电站的小时级运行过程,开展了实例研究.结果表明,旬综合出力系数呈动态变化特点,其年内最大值与最小值相差9.77％(在汛期相差8.71％),且亦...     

不同滴头流量和灌水量下农田土壤湿润体特征及其估算模型

为了准确估算滴灌条件下农田土壤湿润体,利用亮蓝染色剂示踪技术分别在陕西杨凌(粘壤土)、甘肃武威(沙壤土)和宁夏盐池(沙土)3个试验站点开展了农田滴灌试验。试验设不同灌水量和滴头流量,研究不同土壤质地条件下灌水量和滴头流量组合对农田土壤湿润体的影响,进而探求不同土壤质地的土壤湿润体估算模型。结果表明：在相同的土壤条件下灌水后农田土壤形成的湿润体随灌水量的增加而增大,在相同灌水量下增加滴头流量能够显著增加水平方向的湿润距离,相较于小滴头流量(1.38 L·h^-1)而言,大滴头流量(3.0 L·h^-1)形成宽浅形湿润体。在相同的灌水量和滴头流量下,农田土壤湿润体的垂向湿润距离随土壤饱和导水率(K_s)的增加而增加,随灌水前土壤有效持水能力(Δθ)的增加而减小,而水平方向的湿润距离随土壤饱和导水率(K_s)和有效持水能力(Δθ)的增加而减小。在试验的基础上,利用土壤饱和导水率(K_s)、灌水前土壤有效持水能力(Δθ)、灌水量(v)和滴头流量(q)建立了湿润体垂直和水平方向湿润距离的估算模型(幂函数连乘模型),并结合湿润体形状利用椭圆方程描述湿润体的轮廓形状(湿润体估算模型)。经试验数据验证,农田土壤湿润体估算模型能够很好估算湿润体轮廓,模拟值和试验实测值的决定系数(R²)在0.93~0.99之间,均方根误差(RMSE)在1.3~4.1 cm之间。     

Thermal weed control technologies for conservation agriculture—a review

Research and development activities on non-chemical weed control methods to date have mainly focused on mechanical and thermal applications. Selectivity in mechanical weed control is obtained using dynamically actuated harrows. Selectivity in thermal weed control is obtained through a certain heat tolerance of the crop. In conservation agriculture (CA), weed emergence is partially suppressed by constant soil cover with crops or cover crops. Large amounts of plant residues therefore remain on the soil, which make mechanical methods inefficient or difficult to implement. And thermal methods need to prevent not only crop damage but also fire from situationally dry plant residues. In this review, technologies that can potentially be used for in-crop weed control in CA are discussed. The technologies reviewed include spot-flaming, electric resistance heating, electromagnetic irradiation and steam/hot water application. Their evaluation focuses on efficiency and specificity (spatial precision). This review indicates that existing equipment does not fulfil the spatial precision required in CA and that further research and development is required on this topic. In particular, the authors suggest further research on the use of laser diodes, micro-flames and capacitive coupling of electric fields. It seems that the use of automated imaging systems for weed/crop differentiation is a prerequisite in CA to enable automatisation of weed control.     

Mike 21在垃圾发电厂温排水数值模拟中的应用

以长江常熟段为例,基于Mike 21水动力模型,模拟了3种不同水文情况下常熟垃圾发电厂温水团的运移扩散过程。根据模拟结果可对电厂温排水的影响范围和程度作出定量预测,发现Mike 21应用于温排水数字模拟是可行的。     

海涂盐碱地工程边坡土壤抗冲刷性能试验研究

本文对6个不同坡度和6个不同流量条件下的海涂盐碱土坡面进行上方来水径流冲刷试验,对试验中得到的盐土坡面冲刷侵蚀产沙率和几个典型的径流水动力学参数与坡度、流量的相关关系以及产沙率与各参数之间的相关关系进行分析,研究其抗冲刷性能。结果表明,产沙率Rs分别与坡度呈良好的线性正相关关系,与流量呈良好的对数关系。雷诺数Re与流量呈线性正相关而与坡度无显著相关关系。坡面水流剪切力τ和水流功率ω与流量和坡度均呈线性正相关关系。剪切力τ、水流功率ω与产沙率对数相关,都可以很好的预测不同坡度和流量条件下的产沙率。对比相关系数,水流功率ω能更精确预测产沙率Rs。该研究结果可为海涂围垦区盐碱土地工程边坡的土壤侵蚀预报模型的建立研究提供科学依据。     

基于R-V GIUH的临界雨量计算研究

【目的】建立基于地形地貌的地貌瞬时单位线汇流模型(R-V GIUH),为提高临界雨量计算精度提供参考。【方法】基于流域数字高程模型(DEM),经水文分析后计算得到地貌参数,并结合水动力参数建立R-V GIUH,利用实测的洪水过程对模型进行参数率定和验证;然后基于汇流模型的计算结果,采用水位流量反推法进行临界雨量的计算,并以陈家河流域为例进行临界雨量的实例分析。【结果】利用建立的R-V GIUH,计算得到陈家河流域的霍顿(Horton)河数率为4.20,河长率为2.66,面积率为3.11。利用建立的汇流模型计算得到1%,2%,5%,10%,20%频率对应的洪峰流量分别为436.7,340.3,233.0,163.2和99.5m~3/s,在地貌瞬时单位线法得到的频率-洪峰流量(P-Q_(mp))关系曲线上推求出成灾频率为1.75%,进而计算得到土壤含水量50mm、降雨历时为1,3,6,12,24h时对应的临界雨量分别是52,90,104,125和152mm。【结论】R-V GIUH建立在DEM的基础上,能够很好适用于资料匮乏地区的汇流计算,并且有效提高了临界雨量的计算精度。     

Study of Lightning Impulse Breakdown Voltage Correction of PositiveRod-Plate Short Air Gaps on Altitude

The air pressure of the high altitude condition in the artificial climate chamber is simulated, and the laboratory investigation of positive rod plate lightning impulse discharge performance were carried out on the short air gaps of 200 mm, 300 mm and 450 mm according to the test method demanded in IEC 60.1. Based the tested results, it is put forward that the positive lightning impulse breakdown voltage of a short air gap at the air pressure of the high altitude district is a power function of the air pressure with a special index less than 1, which indicates that the effect of the air pressure on the breakdown voltage decreases by 8.7% with the increase of the altitude by 1 kilometer. According to the theoretical analysis, it is proposed that the air pressure suggests the comprehensive changes of the basic atmospheric parameters of the temperature, the reltive air density and the absolute humidity, thus it could be used as the characteristic variable which expresses the effect of the absolute humidity, thus it could be used as the characteristic variable which expresses the effect of the atmospheric condition on the breakdown voltage of an air gap.