Study on Nutritional Characteristics of Cottonseed Hull as a Feed of Sheep

In this paper through digestive and metabolic experiments studied the voluntary intake and apparent digestibility of cottonseed hulls (kernel-contained CH,kernel-free CH) and cornstalk on sheep to evaluate the nutrition value and digestion characteristics of cottonseed hulls.12 of adult Xinjiang merino rams were selected and divided into two groups (n=6 each group),and on the basis of 300 g/(head·day) of mixed concentrate,fed with kernel-free CH by 400 (group 1) or 800 (group 2) g/(head·day) respectively,to estimate the digestibility of CH by difference method;As well,another 18 of adult Xinjiang merino rams were selected and divided into three groups (n=6 each group),and on the basis of 300 g/(head·day) of mixed concentrate,cafeteria feeding with kernel-contained CH (group 3),kernel-free CH (group 4) or ground cornstalks (group 5) respectively,to study the effects of three diets on the voluntary intake,digestion and metabolism of sheep.The results showed that the apparent digestibility of the DM,OM,CP,cellulose,hemicellulose and energy of kernel-free CH by sheep were 46.71%,47.37%,-53.40%,66.60%,62.48% and 42.59%,respectively.There were no significant differences in the intake of DM,OM,cellulose,hemicellulose,energy and Ca between kernel-contained CH and kernel-free CH groups (P> 0.05);Intake of CP and P in kernel-contained CH group were extremely significantly higher than that in kernel-free CH group (P< 0.01);Intake of lignin in kernel-contained CH group was extremely significantly lower than that in kernel-free CH group (P< 0.01).There were no significant differences in the apparent digestibility of DM,OM and energy between kernel-contained CH and kernel-free CH groups (P> 0.05).The apparent digestibility of cellulose and hemicellulose in kernel-free CH group were significantly and extremely significantly higher than that in kernel-contained CH group (P< 0.05;P< 0.01),respectively.The apparent digestibility of CP in kernel-contained CH group was extremely significantly higher than that in kernel-free CH group (P< 0.01).The apparent digestibility of DM,OM,CP,cellulose and energy in ground cornstalks group were extremely significantly higher than that in kernel-contained CH and kernel-free CH groups (P< 0.01),however,the apparent digestibility of Ca and P were lower than that in kernel-contained CH and kernel-free CH groups (P> 0.05).Intake and retention of nitrogen in kernel-contained CH group were extremely significantly higher than that in kernel-free CH group (P< 0.01);The was no significant difference in the retention of nitrogen between kernel-free diet group and cornstalk diet group (P> 0.05).It was concluded that CH was a kind of special forage with larger intake,higher digestibility on the fiber substances and energy,but with a serious obstruction on protein digestion;The nutritional value between kernel-free diet and cornstalk diet was almost equal,and with lower nitrogen digestibility on kernel-free diet.     

发酵棉粕对肉鸡生长性能、血清生化指标及免疫功能的影响

试验旨在研究发酵棉粕(FCM)替代豆粕(SBM)对AA肉仔鸡生长性能、血清生化及免疫功能的影响,并确定发酵棉粕在AA肉鸡日粮中的最适添加量。试验选择480羽1日龄AA肉鸡(44.40±1.11)g,随机分成4组,每组6个重复,以玉米豆粕基础日粮为对照组,分别用5%、10%和15%的发酵棉粕替代豆粕。结果表明:与对照组相比,添加发酵棉粕对肉鸡平均日增重(ADG)、采食量(ADFI)和饲料增重比(F/G)无显著影响;21日龄时,添加5%FCM显著提高了肉鸡的血液IgG和IgM含量及法氏囊指数(P<0.05),添加15%FCM显著降低了血清中尿素氮(UN)含量(P<0.05),此外,3个FCM处理均能提高胸腺指数(P<0.05),但对脾脏指数无影响;42日龄时,5%和10%FCM组显著降低了血清中的UN含量(P<0.05),15%FCM还提高了胸腺和法氏囊指数(P<0.05)。试验通过主成分分析,在试验范围内建立了评价FCM综合效果的参数Z,并得到1~21日龄和22~42日龄阶段,FCM的适宜添加量分别为5%和15%。     

豆粕和棉粕日粮中添加α-半乳糖苷酶对肉仔鸡生长性能的影响

试验研究了豆粕日粮和含5%～8%棉粕的日粮中添加α-半乳糖苷酶对肉仔鸡生长性能的影响及可能机制。试验Ⅰ为肉仔鸡饲养试验,选用1日龄AA商品代肉仔鸡公雏672只,随机分为4个处理,每个处理12个重复,每个重复14只鸡,试验期42d。结果表明:在棉粕和豆粕日粮中添加α-半乳糖苷酶对42日龄肉仔鸡体增重分别提高了4.35%和3.49%。试验Ⅱ为排空强饲代谢试验。结果显示:豆粕日粮中添加α-半乳糖苷酶增加蛋公鸡色氨酸真消化率(P<0.001),对其他氨基酸消化率无影响。添加α-半乳糖苷酶的豆粕的,真代谢能值与不添加酶的相比,提高了4.69%(0.51MJ/kg)。本研究表明,在玉米-豆粕型日粮中添加α-半乳糖苷酶,提高了色氨酸真消化率和真代谢能,有利于提高肉仔鸡生长性能。     

用于滴灌的碟式分离机的转鼓有限元优化设计

碟式分离机的转鼓是一个复杂的锥体,按照传统算法进行其强度计算,得到的结果往往具有很大的质量富余,从而影响到分离机的综合经济指标.为解决这一问题,在有限元应力分析的基础上,以转鼓的总质量为目标函数,以其部分结构参数为优化参数,建立了转鼓的优化设计数学模型.该模型为多维约束优化问题,选取了惩罚函数内点法进行求解,并给出了算法流程图.对实际转鼓的优化结果表明,在保证强度、刚度的前提下,可使分离机的转鼓质量减小24.2%,可提高机械效率,延长转鼓使用寿命.     

双酶分步水解制备棉籽多肽工艺条件优化

为高效制备棉籽多肽,采用Alcalase酶和Flavourzyme酶对棉籽蛋白进行双酶分步水解.在前期单因素试验的基础上,通过Plackett-Burrman设计对影响其多肽得率的相关因素进行评估并筛选出具有显著效应的3个因素,然后通过三因素三水平的 Box-Behnken 响应面分析法确定双酶分步水解棉籽蛋白的最优操作条件为:底物浓度(w/v)8.36%,先用Alcalase 酶在温度59.9℃、pH值8.0、酶用量25000 U/g的条件下水解150 min,再用Flavourzyme酶在温度50℃、pH值6.0、酶用量27430 U/g的条件下水解120 min,多肽得率可达到65.07%.     

饲用乳酸菌固态发酵棉籽粕产有机酸的研究

本文研究了6株不同饲用乳酸茵固态发酵棉籽粕产有机酸情况。结果表明：德氏乳杆菌产酸量最高,可达18．56g／kg。为了增加产酸量,利用响应面分析法对德氏乳杆菌固态发酵棉籽粕培养基进行了优化,建立了二次回归方程：Y1=25．07—1．0325＊X1—0．47625＊X2—1．28875＊X5—1．8;5125＊X1＊X1＋0．67＊X1十X2＋O．17＊X1＊X5—1．59575．X2＊X2-0．6775．X2＊X3—1．06;575＊X5＊X3,并确定了最佳培养基配方为：棉粕916．44g／kg,麸皮83．56g／kg,糖蜜27．91g／kg,水480．24g／kg。在此条件下,使德氏乳杆菌固态发酵棉籽粕产有机酸含量达到25．64g／kg,比优化前提高了39．65％。     

基于准静态同轴探头模型的土壤复介电测量方法

末端开路同轴探头法测量土壤复介电值用于表征土壤含水率具有准确、快捷的优点。针对目前土壤介电同轴探头集总测量模型没有充分考虑探头的参数以及土壤体积对测量结果影响等问题,基于电磁场理论,对末端开路同轴探头建立了准静态数学模型,适用于土壤的复介电常数准确测量。通过全波软件仿真和模型计算结果对比,以无水乙醇介电实测值和理论值对比,验证模型的准确性。采用本文介电测量模型对不同含水率的黄绵土进行测量计算,复介电常数实部与实测土壤含水率二阶多项式拟合决定系数大于0.965,表明本文所提土壤介电测量方法适用于土壤复介电常数和含水率的测量。     

新鲜鸭蛋与咸蛋特征介电参数的提取

【目的】用非破坏性手段提取新鲜鸭蛋与咸蛋的特征介电参数,为实现咸蛋腌制进度的动态、无损检测提供参考。【方法】以新鲜鸭蛋和市售咸蛋为材料,用电子天平、游标卡尺测定对比二者在质量、蛋形指数、蛋黄指数等方面的差异;用日置智能3532-50型LCR数字测试仪在测试频段(500~5 000 000Hz)内以对数形式取41个频率点,测定并绘制新鲜鸭蛋和咸蛋的介电参数与测试频率的关系曲线,通过介电参数与频率的相关分析,筛选可以区分二者的特征介电参数。【结果】新鲜鸭蛋和市售咸蛋的介电参数均与测试频率显著相关(P<0.05),新鲜鸭蛋和市售咸蛋的相对介电常数ε′r在500~5 000 000Hz测试频段内有极显著差异(P<0.01);二者的损耗因子D的相对误差较大,复阻抗Z无显著差异。【结论】相对介电常数ε′r可以作为区分新鲜鸭蛋和市售咸蛋的特征介电参数,其最适测试频率为200 000~2 000 000Hz。     

Optimizing the Proportions of Plant Protein Ingredients in the Diet of Juvenile Blunt Snout Bream,Megalobrama amblycephala

An 8‐wk feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the influence of different proportions of dietary plant ingredients on the growth of juvenile blunt snout bream, Megalobrama amblycephala. A 2 × 3 factorial arrangement was set for this trial with three ratios of cottonseed meal (CSM) and canola meal (CM) (2:1, 1:1, or 1:2) and three proportions of soybean meal (SBM) (2, 1, or 0). The results showed that the specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio both significantly decreased with decreasing amounts of SBM in the diets of blunt snout bream (P < 0.05), while the feed efficiency ratio and feed intake increased significantly (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the growth performance and feed utilization were shown to improve with increasing amounts of CSM, although the effects were not significant (P > 0.05). The interaction of these two factors had no effect on either growth or feed utilization (P > 0.05). Diet composition was not seen to affect body composition (P > 0.05). The ratio of CSM to CM significantly affected gut amylase activity, liver alanine aminotransferase content, and plasma cholesterol levels (P < 0.05). The interaction between the two main effects significantly influenced the plasma glucose level (P < 0.05). Therefore, the suitable proportion of plant feed for blunt snout bream should include high levels of SBM and CSM, with a SBM : CSM : CM ratio of 2:2:1.